ADHD-described as a syndrome of antisocial inattentive disorder-no evidence of minimal brain dysfunction-categorical in DSM IIIDSM 5-neurodevelopmental disorder-adults only need 5 symptoms while children need 6-subtypes: inattention, hyperactivity, combinedOne of the most commonly diagnosed childhood disorder-moreso males 2:1 or 10:1 (like autism almost never seen in girls)-age of child is critical in making diagnosis-over diagnosis is a cultural thingOther Specifiers: in partial remission, mild, moderate,severeInattention:• careless mistakes, failing to give close attention to detail• difficulty sustaining attention in tasks/play• don't listen/follow instructions• difficulty organizing tasks, keep belongings in order/ poor time management• reluctant to engage in tasks requiring sustained mental effort• looses things necessary for tasks/activities• easily distracted by extraneous activity• forgetful in daily activities (chores/errands)Hyperactive/Impulsive• fidgets/taps hands or feet or squirms• often leaves seat when being seated is expected• often runs about or climbs when inappropriate• unable to play/engage in leisure activity quietly• on the go all the time• talks excessively• blurts out answers before questions complete• interrupting conversations• can't wait turn/ impatientForms of Assessment-WISC-WRAT-these assessments seek to identify deficits in• attention• cognitive control• memory• global intelligenceGenetic studies-family studies show ADHD is 5x more frequent in relatives with a child presenting ADHD-twin studies also show links between heredity and ADHD-environmental factors (low SES or poor parenting)Neurobiological-frontal abnormality-issues: not enough known about development of frontal cortex and neural connections to other parts across childhood difficulty of how to map neural changes to behavioral manifestation that changes across timePsychological ExplanationsExecutive Functioning Hypothesis-impaired processes (behavior) account for subtle neurobiological impairments (biology)-residual normality: developing in on modular space in the brainDevelopmental Psychopathology-inhibition systems develop at different rates that cause specific disorders, development of one system affects another, measurement issues (different paradigmsat different ages)Sonuga-Barke-motivational attitude -> aversion to delay2 distinct pathways-cognitive deficits (executive functioning)-> ADHD-motivational style (adverse to situations)-> ADHDExplains development through transactional approach (works