BIO103 Exam 1 Short Answers1. Describe seven properties common to all life.1. Order2. Reproduction3. Growth and Development4. Energy Processing5. Response to Environment6. Regulation7. Evolutionary Adaptation2.Describe the levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere, noting the interrelationships between levels.1. Molecules – DNA, a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds2. Organelle – nucleus, or a membrane enclosed structure that performs a specific function in the cell3. Cell – nerve cell consisting of several organelles4. Tissue – nervous tissue consisting of similar cells that perform a specific function5. Organ – brain, made of several different tissues6. Organ System – circulatory or nervous system consisting of many organs that cooperate to perform a specific function7. Organism – ring-tailed lemur8. Population – group of small ring-tailed lemurs9. Community – all organisms in the forest10. Ecosystem – forest in Madagascar 11. Biosphere – all environments on Earth that support life3. Distinguish between ionic, hydrogen, and covalent bonds.1. Ionic bond: a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions2. Hydrogen bond: [weakest chemical bond] formed when the partially positive hydrogen atomparticipating in a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom participating in a polar covalent bond inanother molecule or in another region of the samemolecule)3. Covalent Bond: [strongest chemical bond] in which two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons4. List and define the life-supporting properties of water.1. Cohesion – the tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together [often by hydrogen bonds]; it is stronger for water than for most other liquids2. Adhesion – the attraction between different kindsof molecules3. Surface Tension – a measure of how difficult it isto stretch or break the surface of a liquid; water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules5. Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain their functions.1. Monosaccharides – [simplest carbohydrate] a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O; the monomers of disaccharides and polysaccharides1. Example : glucose 2. Function : fuel/energy source2. Disaccharides – a sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction1. Example : sucrose [glucose + fructose]2. Function : table sugar [sweetener]3. Polysaccharides – a carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides (sugars) linked by dehydration reactions1. Examples : Starch; Glycogen; Cellulose, Chitin2. Functions : Sugar storage; Stores glucose in animal livers and muscles; Structural component of plant cell walls; Used by crustaceans to build exoskeleton6. Describe the chemical structure of nucleic acids and how they relate to inheritance.1. Nucleic Acid:a) Polymer composed of many nucleotide monomersb) Serves as a blueprint for proteins and for all cellular structures and activitiesc) Two types: DNA and RNA2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are made up of nucleic acids found in the nuclei of living cells. They are the vehicles of genetic inheritance.3. DNA:a) Provides directions for its own replicationb) Two polynucleotides wrapped around each other forming a helix structurec) Chemical structure = nucleotide monomers +deoxyribose sugar + nitrogenous bases (A, T,G, C)d) Hereditary information is encoded in the chemical language of DNA and reproduced in all the cells of your body.4. RNA: a) Single polynucleotide strandb) Chemical structure = nucleotide monomers +ribose sugar + nitrogenous bases (A, U, G,