Psychology Test 11. psychology science of behavior and mental processes2. scientificmethodinvolves 3 steps:1) forming a hypothesis2) testing a hypothesis3) verifying the result through replication3. hypothesis educated guess based on data and research4. research -basic: design a study for the purpose ofacquiring knowledge-applied: solving practical, real-worldproblem. Apply the findings from basicresearch. ex: how to reduce stress.5. psychiatrists -medical degree-prescribe medication-deal with more sever forms of mentalillness6. psychologists -Ph.D-provide help in dealing with a problem. ex:marriage counseling7. WilhelmWundt-established first psychology lab-structuralism and introspection8. structuralism structure or content of the mind. ex:people's reactions to sound9. introspection inward examination of mental processes10. Functionalism -William James: considered to be thefounder of American psychology. He saidthat psychology should investigate thefunction or purpose of the mind rather thanits structure11. Behaviorism -John Watson: was founder. Believedpsychologists should focus on overt,observable behavior, not thinking. Hebelieved everything was connected by S-R(stimulus-response) psychology. ex:scaring a child of a stuffed animal with anoise-B.F. Skinner - developed theory oflearning. He believed that behavior wasdeveloped and maintained byreinforcement, or reward and punishment12. behavioralists -help treat fears and phobias13. unconsciousmotivationthe idea that behavior is influenced by pastevents that you are not aware of, usuallybased on childhood events and conflicts.-ex: Freud says that we choose partnerswho are closest to our parents14. Psychoanalysis -founded by Sigmund Freud-he was a physician who focused on past orchildhood in order to explain ailments(such as paralysis) that have no physicalevidence15. Humanism -developed by Carl Rogers and AbrahamMaslow-focus on choice, free will, capacity to growand change-focuses on the present and on positiveaspects: happiness, love, creativity.-puts the emphasis on self esteem movement-we want people to have high self esteem. -to understand someone, we need tounderstand their perspective and understandtheir behavior-study of optimal human functioning insteadof those who are not high functioning16. Cognitive -Piaget and Steinberg were founders- they sawthe mind as an information processor-deals with reasoning, problem solving, anddecision making-focus on logical, rational thinking17. naturalisticobservationobserve behavior in its usual or natural setting18. covertobservation-natural observation in which the subject isnot aware of observation.-cannot make cause and effect statements.19. survey -an investigation of a large number of people -representative sample: accurately representsa given population.20. randomsurveyeach subject in the population has an equalchance of being included in the survey21. case study -an individual case is studied in great detail. -cannot make cause/effect statements due tosize22. experimentalmethod-preferred method, however cannot always beused due to ethics.-used to make cause and effect statements-allows manipulation of variables for causeand effect purposes23. correlation -extent to which two things are related-positive correlation: factors vary in the samedirection-negative correlation: factors vary in differentdirections-does not imply causation24. socialdeniableanswer-often found in surveys-people will lie not to sound ridiculous. sourceof inaccuracy25. variable any changeable element that can bemanipulated26. independentvariablefactor that is manipulated27. dependentvariablethe subject's response. it is what is beingmeasuredPsychology Test 1Study online at quizlet.com/_gafcb28. controlgroup-eliminates extraneous of confoundingvariables so only independent variable isactive-they do not receive the treatment. allowscause and effect statements.29. experimentalgroupthe independent variable is present; theyreceive the treatment30. matchedgroupsif you think there is a factor that will affectresults, you can divide up groups beforehandin order to make them as equal as possible31. randomassignmentthe idea that if you have a large enough groupof participants, that if you divide randomly,the groups will end up even32. "a person'sset"a tendency to respond in a certain way basedon past experiences. This is why a placebo isused.33. double blind -a participant does not know what group theyare in, but neither does the experimenter.-most controlled method-disadvantage: a lab is not real life34. Harlow'sstudy-surrogate mothers of terrycloth and of wirewere made. wires had good and cloth hadwarmth. babies became more attached tosource of warmth and body contact than asource of food-separate experiment where monkeys wereonly raised by one or the other. the onesraised by cloth were able to play with toy bearwhile ones raised by wire were scared and didnot play35. attachment Boulby observed children separated frommothers were afraid to play and makeconnections36. imprinting -animal attachment-bond of young animal to a mother figure37. criticalperiod-animal attachment-period of readiness to learn so whenexposure occurs during this period, the bondis formed quickly and is more lasting.-ex: ducks is first 3 days, animals is first year38. humanattachment-sensitive period: first 2 years-antisocial personality disorder: could occurwhen baby never bonds, and could become apsychopath39. CognitiveDevelopment-developed by Piaget-belief that child's cognitive developmentdevelops in 4 stages, and in each stage, theythink differently than previous stage40. Sensorimotorstage-birth to 18-24 months-child is dependent on senses and motoractivities-this is why children put everything in theirmouth, it is how they learn. It does notmatter if it smells good or bad-object permanence41. objectpermanence-develops between 8-10 months- theyunderstand that an object continues to existeven if they do not see it or feel it-does not exist before 8-10 months. "out ofsight, out of mind". So at this age, going into check to see if child is crying will not doanything42. PreoperationalStage-2 to 5-7 years-use language to communicate and alsosymbolic play (using a toy car as a car)-egocentric: unable to take anyone else'spoint of view. They are forced out of this byother kids-egocentric speech: collective monologue-centration43. centration -judge by appearance and focus on only oneaspect of the object-not really logical way of thinking-failure