AR 100 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Archaeology The systematic study of our human past based on the investigation of material culture and context together forming the archaeological record Culture The invented taught and learned patterns of human behavior The extra somatic means of adaptation of a human group Goals of Archaeology 1 describe culture history basic description of events that happened in the past 2 reconstruct past lifeways how did these people live in the past Food Houses Language Government Warfare 3 explain cultural process change in pastime Istanbul was Constantinople 4 conserve and interpret the past this is a cultural resource they can be easily destroyed so we need to preserve them for the generations to come culture area not one culture but a geographical location where you often have multiple cultures Ex Southwest America Mesopotamia ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD 1 Material Culture Artifacts pottery ceramic objects all made by humans Features collection of artifacts in a place bigger than artifacts something that is not portable you can t take it with you Ex fireplace grave etc Structures buildings of some sort combine artifacts and features Ex longhouses of Iroquois culture Sites any manifestation of material culture of the past 2 Archaeological Context Matrix the stuff you re digging the surrounding deposit in which archaeological finds are located sediment or soil Provenience provenance the three dimensional find spot of an artifact exactly where does it come from in the ground Which layer of the ground Association relationship between an artifact and other archaeological finds in a layer deposit or feature Context the position of an archaeological find in time and space established by measuring its association matrix and provenience Archbishop James Ussher and the Bible creation in 4004 B C Jacques Boucher de Perthes stone tools with old extinct mammals Charles Lyell and the geological theory of uniformitarianism everything is changing over time replacing catastrophism Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution On the Origin of Species 1859 Relative Dating Thomsen s Three Age System Stone Bronze Iron Stratigraphy and Superposition Seriation Typology Absolute Chronometric Dating Objects of Known Age diagnostic artifacts Dendrochronology Radiocarbon C 14 Potassium Argon K A Evolutionary characteristics bipedalism walking on two feet instead of four UPRIGHT WALKING tool use oldest and simplest were made of stones increased brain size intelligence demonstrable from the archaeological record Australopithecus Genus Australopithecus afarensis 3 4 mya Hadar Ethiopia Donald Johanson discovers Lucy Mary Leakey and the Laetoli footprints Tanzania Salem a 3 3 mya juvenile from Dikika Ethiopia Lucy 3 5 380 500 cc 50 100 lbs Later australopithecines 1 5 3 mya Early hominins hunters or the hunted New find A sediba a link between Australopithecus and Homo 2 mya Lucy Australopithecus afarensis 3 4 mya 380 500 cc 3 5 ft 50 100 lbs long arms bipedal Genus Homo Homo habilis 1 6 2 5 mya Olduvai Gorge Louis Leakey Oldowan tool industry choppers and flakes Homo erectus Features of Homo erectus ca 1 8 mya to 500 000 BP migration outside Africa cranial capacity 800 1200 cc Acheulean tool industry handaxes fire subsistence shelter language Lake Turkana Kenya Richard Leakey and Turkana Boy KNM WT 15000 The Dimanisi hominins Republic of Georgia Fate of H erectus multiregional evolution or population replacement EMERGENCE OF MODERN HUMANS Pleistocene Epoch o ice age glaciations o ca 1 8 mya to 10 kyr Paleolithic Period o Lower ca 2 myr to 200 kyr o Middle ca 200 to 40 kyr o Upper ca 40 to 10 kyr Regional Continuity Theory a k a o Multiregional Evolution o Gene Flow Regional Continuity Theory Homo sapiens evolved in several regions out of earlier hominins populations derived from H Erectus There was sufficient exchange of genes among regional groups to end up with one species H sapiens not several Population Replacement Theory a k a o Out of Africa 2 Population Replacement Theory Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa around 200 000 years ago African H Sapiens left Africa and settled throughout Eurasia earlier regional populations of hominins derived from H Erectus went extinct leaving only one species of humans H Sapiens PREFERRED Homo Habilis has a significantly larger brain these are still bipedal but have the larger brain size in the same time period also found some stone tools put this into homo genus Homo Erectus first to leave Africa and move somewhere else Africa o Homo heidelbergensis Archaic Homo sapiens ca 500 200 kyr o transition to moderns ca 200 100 kyr Klasies River Europe o Homo heidelbergensis Archaic Homo sapiens ca 500 200 kyr o Neanderthals ca 200 30 kyr o Cro Magnons ca 40 10 kyr The Middle East Corridor o Mount Carmel modern humans coexisting with Neanderthals ca 90 40 kyr Ohalo II Broad Spectrum Foraging at an Epipaleolithic Site ca 18 000 BC water logged site in northern Israel wood and brush huts with external hearths and pits probably year round occupation of site hunting gazelles deer fox hare birds plant gathering 100 plants including acorns emmer wheat barely seeds and fruits all wild V Gordon Childe s Neolithic Revolution Australian prehistorian 1892 1957 Coined Phrases Neolithic Revolution and Urban Revolution Consequences of Agriculture sedentism permanent villages settling down in permanent sites and permanent settlements have it Tell a giveaway that it is an old village it s basically a mound food reserves surplus creates a cushion so that if you need extra you new technology tools ceramics tools for planting harvesting food processing you re growing food you need to STORE it How Ceramics and tools First pottery in the world so useful for cooking storage drinking mortars tessels social organization tribes pre state societies are tribes foundation for state societies civilizations foundational human experience for the later growth that we are going to see in the complex societies Neolithic Jericho Pre Pottery Period Early Farming Neolithic Sites of the Near East 9 000 6 000 B C 14 m stratified deposits round mudbrick houses no pottery 10 acre village domesticated barley wheat wild gazelles cattle goats boars later the first domesticated animals goats Evidence of Communal organization in Neolithic we start to see people starting to formally live in houses 9 m tall 10 m diameter internal stone staircase Function Defense lookout tower floor barrier shrine Burials below