GEOG 2051 2012 Spring Exam Date Saturday May 12 7 30 9 30 am Final Exam Review Guide Format Multiple choice Please bring a small scantron form Blue books will not be needed The final exam will be composed of two sections Section 1 All lecture material since the 2nd test Text chapters 16 last parts 17 19 18 Characteristics and Properties Section 2 Cumulative portion covering material studied prior to test 2 includes only material related to the terms concepts that are listed below Section 1 New Material Coastal Environments II Primary Coasts Those that have been formed by terrestrial processes Rias Deltas Fjords Secondary Coasts Have been modified by marine processes Erosional Features Those where the landscape is remnants of what is left behind when costal erosion has occurred o Cliffs Eroded by waves Wave cut Platforms 1 Sea erodes cliff 2 Wave cuts notch cave weakening cliff 3 Cliff eventually collapses into wave cut platform Will keep extending but only to a limit Need uplift of land or sea level fault Terraces Arches Occurs when wave erosions cut through a cave in a headline Stacks Isolated chunks that are the remaining headlines Depositional Features Generally sedimentary created as a result of the deposition of a material by marine processes Beaches Dynamic dramatic changes during storms Fairweather swell waves low steepness and long and tends to be an onshore movement of sand Return flow slower and moves less sediment Result beach becomes steeper and swash zone But that increases backwash which brings more sediment Eventually equilibrium which brings out as much as brings in Wide beach steep foreshore Storm well Profile Changes Shorter higher steeper not movement is offshore direction Not deep Sand bar is built up parallel to shore Narrow beach flatter foreshore o Spits Result of longshore transport and sudden change in coastline Tombolos Similar to spits transported by longshore transport Perpindicular to shoreline Built behind an obstruction rock shipwreak whatever can cause the current to slow Barrier Islands Long linear ridges of sand 10m to 100 km long narrow few km Separated by narrow and shallow bodies of water Eastern Gulf Coast 3000m Formation Spit extension Mid Atlantic eventually breaks in half to form island Drown in place former shoreline position when shores were lower than they are today o Rollover Sea level rises and the island rolls over like a tractor tread Washover Drowing in place when sea level rises over ridge connected to mainland trough between the ridge becomes filled with water Huge clump of sediment pushed over to the landward side of the barrier island o Peat Outcrop Related to rollover like a tractor Biological Features Coral Reefs Exoskeletons built on top of older generation Distribution and Controls Temperatures warm Do best on eastern coasts Found in shallow water Need light and sea floor Don t like freshwater so not near deltas or suspended sediment Fringing Circles around the volcanic island then becomes separated by a lagoon when the island subsides o Barrier o Atoll Reefs surround upward water when islands are gone Human Impacts Impossible for a big storm not to effect human activities Erosional Problems Sea Level Rise Sea level is rising and increasing 1 foot to 2 feet in a century Hard Protection Building some sort of structure on shoreline reduce wave energy levels and alter sediment transport pathways o Groins Interrupt longshore current and cause sand to be deposited o Breakwaters Walls built out of rubble parallel to the beach o Jetties Like a groin but located at the edges of an inlet Made of rubble Soft Protection Beach nourishment is a maintenance approach not a solution Dune restoration Retreat Retreat developments from the coast Glacial and Periglacial Environments Cryosphere Frozen World Includes areas covered by glaciers and ice caps in Artic Ocean and areas with permafrost Controlled by climate temperature but not strictly deep freeze all year just to keep it consistent year round Climate System Poles distance from the sun has no effect Earth is a globe the Earth s surface varies depending on different angles Rays are parallel over all areas The same amount of energy is spread out over a larger area because of the curve Equator generally gets 2 5x more energy than the poles More surface area receiving isolation at the poles Global Energy Balance Refers to the positive budget at the surplus of energy at the equator and the negative budget of energy at the poles Greater energy entering at equator smaller amount at the poles imbalance causing heat to be transferred o Historical Global Temperatures Pleistocene Period defined as time between glacial and interglacial periods Larger glacial coverage of the land o Holocene 10 000 years ago and started current interglacial Part of the Pleistocene o Glacial Glaciers covered 30 of the Earth o Interglacial Glaciers retreated far north to northern latitudes o Medieval Warming Lasted from 1000 1400 AD Little Ice Age 1400 1900 Long term trends of increasing and decreasing temps These are smaller excerpts out of that Milankovitch Cycle Changes in nature of Earth s orbit 3 long term cycles of change shape of Earth s orbit has changed from elliptical to round tilt of Earth s axis tilted at angle 22 24 direction the Earth s axis is pointing towards currently pointed toward sun but changes over time o Flow Glacial Surge Erosion Plucking Glaciers Extent and Locations of Ice Coverage Cover 10 of Earth most in Antarctica 90 and 1 in high elevations around the world Formation turns into glacial ice snowline o Firn Icy granules that are formed by the compacting of snow year after year This eventually o Snowline Elevation temperatures that allow snow to persist on a year round basis Mass Balance Budget of material or mass that makes up a glacier Equilibrium line is the same as o Accumulation Zone Above the snowline where the inputs of the glacier are o Ablation Zone Below the snowline where the snow and ice melt Retreating Glacier with a negative budget and more snow melts in the ablation zone than snow is accumulating in the accumulation zone Outputs are greater than inputs Advancing Glacier with a positive budget and more snow is accumulating in the accumulation zone than is melting in the ablation zone Inputs are greater than outputs Stagnant Glacier Glacier with a balanced budget Just as much snow melting as snow accumulating New ice is being formed moving down and finally melting out