TECHNOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES Ballet Mecanique Volkswagen commercial Light o 2 sources Artificial Natural o Surface is sensitive to light Older film Newer digital o Camera types image captured on different supports Still image photograph Moving image silver salt based solution Lens o Types o Light passes through and reaches storage material ex film chip o Gathers and directs light toward spot film plane where SM is placed o Measured by focal length in mm optical center of space between lens and film plane Wide angle gathers light from wider angle of view than normal stretches accentuates perspective background looks farther person in front looks bigger than person in back produces elongation curving Extreme wide angle tends to curve sides fisheye Normal angle lens gives you image that looks normal what you see with Telephoto long angle gathers light from narrower angle of view than normal flattens perspective background looks closer makes people look like Zoom one lens containing range of all 3 angles uses focal ring manual or your eyes all on same plane automatic Optical change in focal length Digital computer manipulation of pixels screen o Aperture controls size of lens opening Controls amount of light coming in Measured by f stops 1 1 4 2 2 8 4 5 6 8 11 16 22 32 45 Lower number wider aperture more light Higher number smaller aperture less light F stop increase by 1 number half the amount of light F stop decrease by 1 number doubles the amount of light Depth of Field how much is in focus measures distance between lens and foreground background Shallow DOF can t see far into background bc not in focus Long DOF can see well into background bc in focus 3 factors affect DOF o F stop higher f stop smaller aperture greater DOF o Focal length wide angle shorter lens 35 mm greater DOF o Distance btwn subject and camera greater distance farther away greater DOF o Shutter Speed shutter blocks light entering film plane Shutter opens when picture is being taken then immediately closes Faster speed less blurry more likely to appear as a still image less light entering so aperture should be open very wide to allow more light through but this results in less depth of field Viewfinder light entering lens reaches your eye so you see exactly what lens sees o 2 mirrors reflecting light back to your eye o When you take picture you don t anything bc mirror lifts up so light goes straight to film plane o Rangefinder you see different image slightly off to either left or right Parallax error viewfinder and lens see scene differently Storage Material where the image is stored o Film silver format film process in negative print in positive o Computer disk digital o Videotape analog or digital o Phi Effect psychological perception of motion caused by displacement of 2 objects seen in quick succession in neighboring positions process of connecting series of stills by applying knowledge of motion in real world o Persistence of Vision image stays on retina in time for next image to appear and Measured in mm width gauge of film wider better resolution quality Emulsion contains grains of silver halide salts sensitive to light change Motion Picture take its place Formats o Camera tone when lit o Video Camera Mini DV VHS Quality of film is not directly related to width of film Exposure aperture controls amount of light entering camera o ASA American Standard Association measures sensitivity of film to light measures film only no videotape dark image more sensitive Measurements 32 64 100 200 400 800 1600 lower number less sensitive high number more sensitive number halves doubles film sensitivity halves doubles number increases grain size increases quality decreases Video Technology o Light meter measures and adjusts light falling on film computer chip o Process of half toning originally used in newspapers takes photograph light passes through the screen turns it into different size dots giving some kind of imitation of original picture o TV processes Mechanical scanning large disk with holes for rotation as light passes through each hole cell recorded light value value transmitted to light which reverses process to reproduce image light from each hole converted into pulses charges of electricity pulses pass through wire Electron gun shoots out electrons across screen sweeping across image of object electron discharges measuring ping on screen collects pings passes through specific order comes out through wire attached to TV receiver reproduces same sweep of electron gun in same order odd lines scanned first even lines after per second we see 60 half screens or 30 full screens Satellite broadcasting sends signals to satellite which stays in same position in sky geosynchronous orbit then gets sent back to earth somewhere then to receiving antennas cable takes signals from satellite and carries it farther o Video Technology Signal flow CCD Interlaced fields Frame rates for film and video SHOT LANGUAGE and LIGHTING Frames Per Second o Film 24 fps o Video 30 fps Motion Speed speed changes done in post production o Slow motion film at faster more than 24 30 fps speed and projector always runs on 24 30 fps will automatically slow it down o Fast motion film at slower fewer than 24 30 fps speed and projector will automatically speed it up Shot Terminology o Number of subjects 1 person 1 shot 2 people 2 shots etc o Space around subjects Headroom space between subject s head and top of frame Noseroom negative space in direction where subject is looking to edge of frame o Framing of subjects Footroom space between subject s feet and bottom of frame Close up shot shoulders to top of head tight CU no headroom Medium shot waist to top of head Long shot feet to top of head American shot knees to top of head tight LS loose MS Extreme close up shot just eyes Extreme long shot subject appears very small entire body included in frame sometimes even more room ELS V ery LS LS MLS MS MCU CU B ig CU ECU ZOOM zoom in all the way manually on detail make blurry first and then start to focus so you can judge what is really clear until detail is perfectly focused and sharp Zoom in flattens perspective end of zoom shot changes perspective from wide to telephoto lens Lens with variable focal length o Wide angle 12 mm o Normal angle 50 mm o Telephoto angle 120 mm o Position of subjects camera Direct to camera camera faces subject dead on but subject does not necessarily look back directly at camera profile Full profile total side view of