Jews in Modern Times JWST 235 I Doctrines of Toleration a More than one approach i Government policies mercantilism centralizing state ii Religious change reformation is there a change in Christianity itself what is the impact of the reformation iii Political theory division of Church and State iv Humanitarian attitudes do people feel uncomfortable that Jews are not tolerated in society v Changing conception of the Jews and Judaism b Not yet emancipation c Looking for a changing attitude on the part of people public opinion and the way the state functions and becomes tolerant II Reformation Counter Reformation a The reformation was the birth of a war b Society is polarized and begins to hate each other c Short run decline i Luther s about face more tolerant of Jews and emphasized the idea that Christ was Jewish ii Spread of ghettos in Italy iii Expulsions iv Hostile popular literature no real Jews in his society but Shakespeare uses it anyway d Long run groundwork for toleration i State contains more than one faith Peace of Augsburg in 1555 lays the ground for some kind of system where the state will not go to war or kill some of their citizens because of their religion Jews aren t the only religious deviants ii III Political Theory a Jean Bodin natural law i Weakens canon law rational basis for law ii Old Testament precedents b Hugo Grotius i 1615 argues for Jews to be tolerated ii cause for Jewish hatred in Christian actions February 20 2013 I W C Dohm a At Mendelssohn s request he writes an argument On the Civil Betterment of the Jews 1781 1783 b Humanitarian arguments for toleration c History has made the Jews what they are d Slow developments leading to full equality