Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 8 Stratification and Social Mobility in the U S Social Mobility movement of individuals or groups fro one position in a society s stratification system to another Open system able to move up or down in social class Closed system cannot move up or down slavery Types of Social Mobility Horizontal movement within same range of prestige and very close range of income same job different company Vertical movement from one position to another of a different rank can be higher or lower Intragenerational social position changes within a person s adult life same generation following a person s career path Intergenerational changes in children s position relative to their parents Structural Exchange Circulation Social Class and Life Chances Poor people have less chances than people of the upper class Poverty Absolute the inability to afford minimal standards of food clothing shelter lack of basic necessities Relative floating standard by which people at the bottom of a society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole being poor in a rich country Children under 18 have high chances of being in poverty Feminization of Poverty Single female parent Reconciliation Act 1996 Welfare Reform PRWORA Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Ended long standing federal guarantee of assistance to every poor family that meets eligibility requirements Public assistance is maximum of 5 years Welfare reduced by 40 Problems lack of education skills and work experience Chapter 9 Global Inequality Inequality of Resources in the World U S is the global upper class we have the largest gap between the rich and poor Portugal and Spain are considered global middle class 1 Wallerstein The World Systems Theory Core Nations those that industrialized first most developed Semi Periphery countries dependent on trade with core nations late industrialization Periphery countries left out of the development of capitalism least developed poor countries 2 Modernization Theory Less developed countries are slowly moving toward more developed and urbanized societies Less Developed Nations Rural population Large total population High infant mortality Colonialism foreign power maintains political social economic and cultural domination for an extended period Neocolonialism continued dependence on more industrialized nations for managerial and technical expertise by former colonies Globalization worldwide integration of government policies cultures social movements and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas Multinational Corporations commercial organizations headquartered in one country but doing business throughout the world Functionalist View positive brings more jobs people are more educated and able to get jobs Conflict View negative brings misery exploit cheap labor and resources damage environment You really need a little bit of both views Not much of a distribution of wealth and income between rich and Brazil poor Mexico U S Color Hierarchy subordinate status of Mexico s Indians one reflection of nations color hierarchy 14 lowest class Borderlands area of common cultures along the border of Mexico and Maquiladoras foreign owned factories that do not have to pay taxes or provide benefits to workers Chapter 10 Racial and Ethnic Inequality Racial Group a category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of society deem socially significant physical distinctions Largest minority racial group in U S African Americans Ethnic Group group set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns cultural distinctiveness industry and language Largest minority ethnic group in U S Latinos 16 then Asians 5 Minority Group subordinate group whose members have significantly less control over their own lives lack of power Unequal treatment distinguishing cultural characteristics involuntary membership solidarity in group marriage Of the same level of integration and birth continues whites will become a numerical minority Prejudice a negative attitude toward an entire category or people such as racial or ethnic minorities feelings beliefs attitudes Discrimination the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals unfair treatment actions and behavior The Contact Hypothesis people of equal status will reduce prejudice through interracial contact Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination Functionalist theory prejudice is functional positive Conflict Theory groups are divided Patterns of Intergroup Relations Genocide destruction of an entire group by members of another group Holocaust Population Transfer Direct expel a group native Americans Indirect let them live there but make their lives miserable Internal Colonialism cheapest labor for most dangerous job Segregation Forced live in separate parts of town Northern Irelands Assimilation when groups come together forced or own their own A B C A Melting Pot A B C D Multiculturalism Pluralism come together but can also celebrate our differences A B C A B C African Americans The Civil Rights Movement 13th Amendment abolished slavery 14th Amendment equal protection under law 15th Amendment the right to vote Native Americans The trail of tears Indian Removal Act 1830 Forced Assimilation Asian Americans Not eligible for citizenship until 1940 Most successful minority group Latinos Strong family ties Largest group is Mexicans Puerto Ricans are American Citizens least successful social class Cubans most successful social class Chapter 12 The Family and Intimate Relationships Trends in U S Marriages and Intimate Relationships People are getting married at older ages In the U S the divorce rate is slowly dropping but it is still the highest Cohabitation is increasing High percent of people who get divorced get remarried 63 The second marriage has the same likelihood of divorce and even more so with children from previous marriages Family Composition Nuclear nucleus or core upon which larger family groups are built parents and children more common Extended family in which relatives live in same hime as parents and children Sociological Perspectives Functionalist View family performs important functions Conflict View F Engels family as a source of social inequality father does less around the house Interactionist study the family and capture the changes Monogamy form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other Serial
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