Study Guide for Final Exam Spring 2014Religion in the Public SquareRichard RortyJeffrey StoutIntroduction to Hinduism and William SaxIntroduction to Islam and John EspositoStanley HauerwasThe U.S. Catholic Bishops (The Challenge of Peace)John KelsayStudy Guide for Final Exam Spring 2014Religion in the Public Square1. What does the word pluralism mean?- one persons religion is not the sole source of truth and we need to acknowledge that at leastsome truths and values exist in other religions- tolerance toward different religious beliefs/religious diversity- unity, cooperation and improved understanding between different religions or denominations under a single religion- holding a variety of different comprehensive doctrines, whether religious or not2. What is a comprehensive doctrine?- Rawls’ reasonable comprehensive doctrine: human nature, purpose, etc., cant use religion toback up arguments. Forms an overlapping consensus around rights, liberties, and tolerance.- System of moral beliefs not only about the specific subject of political institutions but also about a wider range of subjects such as how best to lead ones life, what sort of virtues to aspireto, what sort of relationships to have, and so on.- A comprehensive doctrine is a systemized understanding of what constitutes a good, valuable, or meaningful life, often religious in nature.- Religions would be an example of a comprehensive doctrineRichard Rorty1. Rorty argues in “Religious Faith, Intellectual Responsibility and Romance” that science and religion do not have to be antagonists because they serve different functions. What does he say the function of science is and what does he say the function of religion is? (Hint: p. 153)- religion: offers us a larger hope, and thereby something to live for-science: enables us to predict and control2. According to Richard Rorty, religion in the public square is what?- a conversation stopper- something that should be privatized and not used to back up political arguments3. What does Rorty say the price for religious liberty is in “Religion as Conversation-stopper”?- privatization, or the ongoing upkeep of a democratic political community4. Who is Rorty’s main conversation partner in “Religion as Conversation-stopper”? (Hint: No, it is not John Rawls or Jeffrey Stout)- Stephen L. Carter5. What is Foundationalism?- Foundationalism is the idea that somewhere/somehow there is a "master of lists of reason"(Bible, Qur'an, Torah, or common sense) where we can get our evidence from.6. What is Realism?- Realism is the idea that the evidence we are looking for comes from the world itself Jeffrey Stout1. In addition to Richard Rorty, whom else is Jeff Stout arguing against?- John Rawls2. What are the two freedoms that Stout believes should be protected under the U.S. Constitution?- freedom of speeh- freedom of religion- should be allowed to express their religious beliefs in political arguments because of the right tofree speech3. What is declaration?- give argument to vast audience, audience doesn’t have to know what you’re talking about or holdthe same beliefs4. What is conjecture (immanent criticism)?- to be contained within something, arguing with someone who holds the same main beliefs as youdo- someone in the audience has a premise in common with the declaration, knows what you aretalking about5. Be able to name at least two people who Stout considers to be exemplary figures of political speech who also used religious reasoning in their speech.- Abraham Lincoln and MLK jr.6. What is Stout’s primary criticism of John Rawls?- he is “in effect, halfway between the coherent alternatives of Kant and hegel.”- have to take into account all previous norms, institutions and upbringing to define “reasonable,” which is what Rawls’ argument relies on – reasonable people. Finding all of this information is a“quest for fools,” how can you define a reasonable person- Reasonable people still disagree, even if they have the same beliefsIntroduction to Hinduism and William Sax1. Be familiar with the two classes of sacred texts in Hinduism and be able to give an example of each one.- Shruti: eternal, no human author but passed down directly from the divine, contain vedas- vedas: caste; brahamanas (ultimate reality), aranyakas, - Upanishads (karma, samsara, moksha: highest goal; liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth, Atman: ones eternal self, brahman); explain the origins of the World, hymns thatshould be sang to leaders, magic spells/charms, mantras.- smriti: human authors; commentaries on shruti, contains Epics (Bagivagdita), Sutras (discussionof rituals, morality, ethics, duties) and Puranas (myths about different Gods and Goddesses)2. Be familiar with the four main castes of Hinduism.- Brahmin: religious elite, priests- Kshatriya: political elite, king/warrior- vaishya: merchants and business people, commoners- shudra: servants of other three castes, cannot study vedas3. Be familiar with the four life stages of Hinduism (ashrama).- student: vedic learning from ages 8 to 12- householder: marriage at age 25- forest dweller: grandkids are born, wife may or may not join husband in this stage- renouncer: seeking Samadhi, renounce civilized life4. What is Dharma?- duty/morality related to your caste, if you perform your duties you can move up in caste in next life after rebirth5. What is Karma? - Karma is if you do your duty, things will go the way they should. 6. What is Samsara?- Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth. It continues to exist as long as you engage in karmiceffects.7. What is Moksha? - Highest goal; liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth, religion; nirvana8. What does the word digvijaya mean? (From the reading.)- your conscious and your moral reasoning at work, conquest of the quarters, make ideal system where all can prosper in harmony, originally a strategy for imperial military expansion9. What is the main argument William Sax is making a contribution to, and what position does he take in the argument? (You will find this answer in the first page of the article)- Sax's argument is that religion and politics have been intertwined for centuries, is not due to colonialism. The opposing view of separating the two is following Western society, which doesn't apply to Indian culture, because it's always been there in society. He thinks they're mutually entailed, and are alter-egos of each other.- to separate