135 Human Nutrition Exam 2 modules 7 12 I Module 7 on Vitamins a Know the physiological function and deficiency diseases for each vitamin and mineral i Vitamin A 1 Functions a Maintaining Vision b Production of Mucus c Cancer Prevention d Required for normal growth of the epithelial tissues e Maintains a healthy immune system f Cardiovascular disease prevention 2 Deficiency a Night blindness b Cells lose ability to produce mucus c Dry eye xerophtalmia ii Vitamin D 1 Functions a Helps regulate calcium bone metabolism b capable of ensuring normal development of cells c d aids in the function of the immune system e contributes to skin cell development muscle gum health and controls growth of the parathyroid gland blood pressure regulation controls how much calcium is excreted from the kidney f 2 Deficiency a bones weaken bow under pressure b Rickets enlarged head joints rib cage c deformed pelvis d bowed bones e Osteomalacia soft bones adult disease iii Vitamin E 1 Functions 2 Deficiency iv Vitamin K 1 Functions a protection from free radicals a disease called hemolytic anemia in preterm infants a vital for blood clotting b activates proteins present in bone muscles and kidneys to give 2 Deficiency calcium binding capabilities important in bone formation c a Rare b bleeding and bone problems v Vitamin C 1 Functions a not a coenzyme iron absorption b immune function c d promotes synthesis of collagen e protects cells and cellular components from free radical attack f g rejuvenates the oxidized inactive vitamin E important in preventing cancers 2 Deficiency a can occur in just 20 days b Scurvy vi Vitamin B 12 1 Functions folate metabolism reactivates folate by releasing it form its methyl trap converts homocystein to methionine like B6 a b c d helps control homocystein concentrations in the blood a can result in symptoms of folate deficiency b causes paralysis of nerves and muscles eventually leading to death 2 Deficiency vii Folate B 1 Functions a supply or accept single carbon compounds b converts homocysteine to methionine c essential for red and white blood cells to mature normally d abnormal cells called megaloblasts 2 Deficiency a decreased red blood cell synthesis b neural tube defects c gastrointestinal problems d megaloblastic anemia viii Vitamin B 6 1 Functions a coenzyme form participates in almost all metabolic reactions with amino acids b can remove NH2 from amino acids and add amino groups back to carbon skeletons to make amino acids c can remove sulfur groups carboxyl groups from amino acids d keeps body supplied with glucose when we are fasting or starving e puts iron in hemoglobin a Rare b anemia nausea vomiting depression decreased immune function epileptic like seizures 2 Deficiency ix Biotin B 1 Functions 2 Deficiency x Pantothenic Acid B 1 Functions 2 Deficiency a Rare xi Niacin B 1 Functions a aids in fat and carbohydrate metabolism b promotes synthesis of glucose and fatty acids a scaly inflammation of the skin b changes in tongue and lips c decreased appetite nausea vomiting d e depression f muscle pain weakness g poor growth form of anemia a CoA coenzyme b energy cells can be converted to a 2 carbon fragment called acetate acetyl and attached to the CoA to form acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA is the gateway to the Krebs cycle a NAD is coenzyme form b hydrogen carrier c participates in hundreds of metabolic reactions d large doses could be used to reduce triglycerides and cholesterol 2 Deficiency a Pellagra xii Riboflavin B 1 Functions a hydrogen carrier b active in Krebs cycle and electron transport chain c part of large of other coenzymes d enrichment program vitamin e participates in many energy yielding metabolic pathways 2 Deficiency inflammation of mouth and tongue cracking around corners of mouth a b dermatitis c d eye disorders e sun sensitivity xiii Thiamin B 1 Functions 2 Deficiency a help release energy from carbohydrate a beriberi weakness loss of appetite irritability poor coordination nervous tingling deep muscle pain in calves results when glucose cannot be metabolized into energy b b Which vitamins are fat vs water soluble and what the differences are in absorption and storage in the body in a few cases precursors are absorbed and converted know these i Fat A D E K ii Water C B 8 1 can be stored dissolve in organic substances like fat excess are stored 2 Can only be absorbed through intestinal tract with aid of dietary fat 1 All except B 12 are readily excreted from the body 2 Absorbed in the small intestine 3 cannot be stored dissolve in water absorbed into bloodstream excess excreted in urine need a constant supply c Where in our diet do we get vitamin D and know its uniqueness related to the sun i Rich sources of vitamin D are fatty fish e g sardines and salmon fortified milk and yogurt and some ready to eat breakfast cereals ii Vitamin D is not just a vitamin It is primarily considered a hormone A cholesterol like substance in the skin cells is converted to the prohormone vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet B UVB rays from sunlight or tanning beds Liver and kidney cells then convert the prohormone to its active hormone form d Why is B12 fortification important to a vegan i plants do not naturally contain B12 B12 is important for cell division and blood formation e Focus for vitamin and mineral adequacy should be a healthy diet f If one wants to add vitamins and minerals to the diet using fortified cereals is a good choice to increase nutrient density II Module 8 on Minerals and Water a Control of water in compartments of body by ions and which are intra and extracellular i the body maintains the appropriate amount of water in each compartment by using a process called osmosis Intracellular fluid water inside cells ii iii Extracellular fluid water outside cells or in the bloodstream b Water needs as related to energy needs of the diet i 2 7 liters 11 c per day for adult women ii 3 7 liters 15 c per day for adult men c Classification of minerals to major and trace i Major 1 require greater than 100 milligrams per day 2 calcium phosphorus potassium sulfur sodium chloride magnesium ii Trace 1 2 d Where is calcium in the body i Bones and teeth require less than 100 milligrams per day iron maganese copper iodine e Mineral bioavailability from plant vs animal products i Overall minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants because binders such as fiber are not present to hinder absorption The mineral content of plants greatly
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