Test 3 Review CHAPTER NINE Psycholinguistics the psychological processes involved in using language as reflected in processes as varied as speech perception and reading comprehending Linguistic Performance how we execute out language abilities Linguistic Competence relatively pure knowledge of language and its rules Language a set of symbols and principles for the combination of those symbols that allow for communication and comprehension Mental Lexicon mental dictionary Grammar rules that govern how these symbols objects ideas and actions may be combined It is often used to describe the arrangement of words in sentences and words in paragraphs its actually a more general term referring to the rules for combining any unit of language be it a sound a word or a sentence Design Features they seem to be central to what language truly is Semanticity the symbols of language refer to meaningful aspects of the real world Arbitrariness they typically in no way represents the concepts to which they refer The symbols of language exhibit these Displacement language allows for displacement in time Language also allows for displacement of another sort the creation of alternate realities through deception in other words we can lie This design feature is termed prevarication Reflectiveness the flexibility of language is also evident in this design feature Language allows us to communicate about the very topic of language in other words we can use language to reflect on language Productivity from the vast array of symbols words available and rules for their combination an infinite array of new messages can be formed This versatility is the product of a productive system of words and rules Cross Fostering Studies in these studies selected signs from American Sign Language ASL were taught to chimpanzees within the context of daily interactions Communication occurred throughout the day and the experimenters treated the chimpanzees gesturing as intentional even if it wasn t just as adults do with young children Eventually the chimpanzees most notably the star pupil Washoe started to produce symbols just as small children start to produce words Recursion is a method of defining functions in which the function being defined is applied within its own definition The term is also used more generally to describe a process of repeating objects in a self similar way For instance when the surfaces of two mirrors are almost parallel with each other the nested images that occur are a form of recursion Phonology refers to the analysis of basic speech sounds Sound Spectrograph the acoustic structure of a speech signal can be viewed with the use of this graph Sound Spectrogram is the result of when a sound spectrograph is presented with a speech signal The spectrogram plots what are basically bursts of energy sound waves of differing frequency that result from speech Phone the smallest unit that we need to identify must be defined by the acoustic properties of a sound Phoneme refers to categories of speech sounds that are clearly different and that change the meaning of a spoken signal Suprasegmental Factors aspects of the speech signal such as rate stress and intonation over and above the actual phonemes In addition to differences produced by suprasegmental factors any given phoneme within a word is affected by surrounding phonemes Coarticulation the sound of each phoneme is influenced by surrounding phonemes Categorical Perception the phenomenon allowing us to perceive invariance in phonemes in spite of their different acoustic properties Learned Inhibition a process of suppression in speech perception that eliminates nonnative phoneme contrasts from the perceptual repertoire Phonemic Restoration Effect participants restored the missing phoneme but exactly which phoneme depended on the particular semantic context Morphology the system of rules by which we combine phonemes into words and manipulate and change words to produce different shades of meaning Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning it may refer to a single word or to a prefix or suffix that changes the precise meaning of the word Free Morphemes these are what word morphemes are termed because they may stand alone Bound Morphemes these are what prefix or suffix morphemes are termed because they must accompany a free morpheme in order to have meaning Overregularizations the child extends a grammatical rule too far treating an irregular form as regular Example adding ed to go to come up with the past tense goed Cohort Model according to this theory speech perception starts with the first sound uttered by the speaker With the appearance of that first phoneme a cohort of possible matches is activated in long term memory Say the word in question was boat according to the cohort model the recognition process begins with the phoneme b which activates boat bow boast bring bug bat any concept starting with that phoneme Emotional Prosody physical characteristics such as pitch and tone that are associated with emotional speaking Phonotactic Knowledge refers to sensitivity to the rules that govern phoneme sound combinations in different languages Metrical Segmentation a bottom up factor that refers to the notion that the segmentation of words is dependent on the phonology of the particular language Mondegreens misheard word boundaries Even with knowledge of the statistical properties of words and knowledge of the words within our own language the perception of word boundaries remains a challenging perceptual task Lexical Ambiguity occurs when a word with two possible meanings is encountered It affects lexical access Separate Store Approach there are separate mental lexicons that correspond to a bilingual individual s two languages The one that is accessed is the one that matches the language being used Common Store Approach proposes one common mental lexicon that is accessed through either language This view would predict equivalent lexical access regardless of the language in which concepts are presented Habituation the infants get tired of it and look away Syntax the set of rules that specify legal combinations of words within a given language Semantics the rules governing the effective transmission of meaning Broca s Aphasia associated with frontal lobe brain damage tends to involve a breakdown of structure speech is telegraphic and incorrectly structured However use of content words nouns and verbs is less affected So there seems to be