Under Roman Rule October 11 2012 Review Roman Rule Chronology Revolt against Rome 66 70 CE Bar Kokhba Revolt 132 135 In the Diaspora Revolts 115 117 I Review a Significance of Hellenistic Era i Larger international orbit with centers of power in Greece Italy where the center of power is changing now in the Mediterranean cultural conformity that was expected or rewarded ii Growth of Diaspora b Significance of Hasmonean Period 169 63 BCE during this broad period we have a number of important features that are taking place i Expanded territory and the population of Jews palestine in the Hellenistic era sometimes forced submission of the residence of some of these expanded areas to Judaism ii New meanings of the word Judaean iii New religious concepts come to fore martyrdom life after death iv Rise of sectarianism v Domestication of Hellenism from armed struggle over Greek style reforms absorption Judaization of Greek political and cultural norms revolt is an armed struggle sparked by an attempt to reform the constituition of Judea into a greek one change Judaea into a Greek city state over the next center we see the gradual absorption of Greek norms intorducton of new religious ideas a 63 37 BCE Beginnings b 37 BCE 44 CE Herodian Era Judea being ruled by Roman governor different provincial rulers has a destabilizing effect c 44 66 Transition to Direct Roman Rule a generation later you get a series of revolts d 66 74 The first Great Revolt Against Rome only the second major revolt by the Jewish people against their roman overloards during the Persian period Jerusalem and Temple are destoryed e 132 135 Bar Kokhba Revolt smaller than the first revolt but it is important in the sense that it is the last firmly establishes roman control in the region and crushed whatever hope rebels had to make sure they aren t repeated again II Roman Rule Chronology III Beginnings 76 37 BCE a 76 BCE Death of Alexander Janneaeus reign of his wife Alexandra b 67 Death of his wife succession conflict between his sons IV Herodian Era 37 BCE a 37 4 BCE Herod appointed king by senate takes power 37 BCE b 4 BCE death of Herod kingdom divided among his sons c 6 30 BCE death or deposition of Herod s sons d 41 44 CE Agrippa grandson of Herod king V VI Transition to direct Roman Rule 44 66 CE a All of Judaea under governors b Lower ranking governors equestrian procurators under governor of Syria not governing with Judaea s best interest or it s population in mind c Brief period it looked like there might be a Return to Herodian rule 50s and 60s CE under Agrippa II Galilee and points east only fair amount of authority and moral prestige The first Great Revolt against Rome 66 70 CE 74 a Revolt in perspective i A major revolt in a Roman province needed to be suppressed ii But 1 Josephus our primary source has an interest in magnifying 2 Two years with little action by Romans while sorting out a succession to Nero 3 First test of Flavian dynasty Vespasian Titus b Causes Domitian i Roman insensitivity or worse ii Bad rapacious governors Tacitus Powers of a king with the disposition of a slave iii Class dimensions iv Eschatological ferment religious restoration v Failure of the Judean ruling class to establish legitimacy effective rule Bar Kokhba revolt 132 135 VII a Revolt i Leader Simeon Kosiba Chiristian sources remember his name as bar Kokhba son of a star ii Seems to have been restricted to South iii Picture of the revolt is the inverse of the first revolt more stuff but less of a historical framework in which to put it b Causes debated unclear i Sparked by decision to rededicate Jerusalem as pagan city dedicated to Hadrian and Roman gods rededicate Jeruslaem as a pagan city name pointed to Hadrian and to Capitolina zeus ii Coinage dating formulae freedom of Israel liberation of Jerusalem iii Messianic claims by Bar Kokhba thought of as the Messiah by some contemporary rabbis c Consequences i Last example of armed revolt ii Period of prohibited Jewish religious practices remembered as a time of persecution forced apostasy Christian sources from this period note they are truly the chosen people and that Jews weren t permitted to live within sight of Jerusalem proper iii Marked final collapse of second temple politics and aspirations