Chapter 9 Global Inequality 4 7 14 4 9 14 Getu Mulleta 33 and his wife Zanebu 28 of rural Ethiopia live in a manure plastered hut with no electricity gas or running water Their family survives on 130 a year Average life expectancy for males 48 and females 50 Rick Kelly 36 and his wife Patti 34 live in a four bedroom house with a fireplace central heating air conditioning a basement and a two car garage Their family survives on 52 680 a year Distribution of World Income 79 5 high income countries 18 middle income countries 2 low income countries The Global Divide Inequality is a significant determinant of human behavior Divides in global wealth emerged as a result of the Industrial Revolution and rising agricultural productivity Resulting rise in living standards not evenly distributed across the world Stratification in the World System Stark contrasts between industrial and developing nations Legacy of colonialism Multinational corporations Modernization How did the World s Nations become Stratified 1 World System Theory Immanuel Wallerstein Core nations those that industrialized first most developed Semi periphery countries dependent on trade with core nations Periphery countries left out of the development of capitalism least developed poor countries 2 Colonialism the process by which one nation takes over another nation usually to exploit its labor resources Economic colonies The Legacy of Colonialism Colonialism foreign power maintains political social economic and cultural domination for an extended period Neocolonialism continued dependence on more industrialized nations for managerial and technical expertise by former colonies Globalization worldwide integration of government policies cultures social movements and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas Universal Human Rights Initiating Policy rights issues Many national policymakers hesitate to interfere in worldwide human Most initiatives come from international bodies Universal human rights remain an ideal and not a reality Multinational Corporations Multinational Corporations commercial organizations headquartered in one country but doing business throughout the world Total revenue of multinational businesses on par with total value of goods and services exchanged in entire nations Over 10 of U S goods and services relates to exports to foreign countries Functionalist View profits Conflict View Multinational corporations help developing nations Jobs and industry Maximum advantage of technology while reducing costs and boosting Make nations more interdependent and less likely to enter conflicts Multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits abuse environment and people Investment by multinationals initially contributes to host nation s wealth Eventually increases economic inequality within developing nations China Both views have points that are correct Case Study Stratification in Mexico Mexico s Economy In 2009 gross national income per person in the U S was 46 970 Mexico was 14 270 70 want to come to the U S About 88 of U S adults have high school education 21 of Gap between Mexico s poorest and richest citizens is one of the Mexicans widest 20 of Mexican population live on 2 per day Race Relations in Mexico The Color Hierarchy Subordinate status of Mexico s Indians one reflection of nation s color hierarchy 14 90 live without a sewer lowest class Social class linked to appearance of racial purity Widespread denial of prejudice and discrimination against people of color in Mexico Marked growth in the last decade of organizations and associations for rights of indigenous Indians The Status of Women in Mexico Constitute 46 of labor force More mired in lowest paying jobs than counterparts in industrial nations When Mexican women work outside the home often not recognized as active and productive household members Organizing to address economic political and health issues Borderlands Borderlands Area of common cultures along the border of Mexico and U S Maquiladoras foreign owned factories that do not have to pay taxes or provide benefits to their workers Remittances migradollars estimated to be minimum of 22 billion a year Stratification in Brazil Three nations in one 1 Rich country about 34 million 2 Poor country about 111 million 3 Indigents about 40 million totally impoverished Social inequality compounded by racial distinction that originated in slavery Population increase is much larger in the lowest developing countries than the industrialized countries Social Stratification in Global Perspective Video Nationwide still slavery kidnap children slavery can bring security India Government does not really help them abolish slavery slavery child labor bonded labor Make carpets to be exported Trick the parents into selling their children The children are never paid and work crazy hours Hard to enforce them to stop and even harder to get them to be punished by the government attempted to reduce poverty but didn t do much about it millions Poverty of people are still in poverty and have dirty water Chapter 10 Race and Ethnic Inequality Minority Racial and Ethnic Groups Racial Group a category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of society deem socially significant physical distinctiveness Ethnic Group group set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns cultural distinctiveness industry and language Racial Typology Nineteenth century biologists Three part typology 1 Caucasian 2 Negroid 3 Mongoloid Race Facts and Myths Myth of racial superiority none have different cultural traditions Myth of pure races none humans have been in contact with each other for hundreds of years Minority Groups Minority Group subordinate group whose members have significantly less control over their own lives Properties of minority groups include Unequal treatment Distinguishing cultural characteristics Involuntary membership Solidarity causes suicide In group marriage Prejudice a negative attitude toward an entire category or people such as racial or ethnic minorities feelings beliefs attitudes Discrimination the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals unfair treatment actions and behavior Individual Discrimination the negative treatment of one person by another Institutional Discrimination a denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups resulting from the normal operations of society
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