Exam 2 Resentment of Macedonians Cleitus doesn t like the way Alexander is ruling Expresses feeling over drinks Alexander kills him regrets killing him Greeks see Macedonians as Feminine Alexander meets Roxanne in Bactria Falls in love marries her Daughter of gov in Bactria Penetration of India mutiny The way home Death March through Gedrosia southern Iran Death of a conqueror Babylon June 323 What had Alexander accomplished What had he intended Penetration of India Fierce resistance India has elephants Alexander wins at great cost Low moral of men malaria Men refuse to go any farther Death March through Gedrosia Alexander injured Lost 2 3 of men on march Celebrate arrival when they get home Alexander falls ill dies in Babylon June 323 A visionary idealist or just a conqueror Goal of a unified empire Mixed marriages the Next Generation Do they imply that he did have a vision for the future Accomplishments and Intensions of Alexander Goal of unified Empire Planned conquests until death Made decrees to Greek cities Take back exiled people Worship him as a god The world Alexander made Hellenistic kingdoms Spreading of Hellenism Greek culture esp in Egypt and Persian realms Egypt Ptolemies Near East Seleucids Greece and Macedonia Antigonids Dominant culture in Mediterranean until Rome s rise about 300 30 B C E Spreading of Hellenism Ruling dynasty of Egypt after Alexander s death last member was Cleopatra Significance shows fractious nature of Hellenistic world after Alexander nature World made by Alexander Egypt and Persia are most influenced Egypt Ptolemies and extent of Hellenism Near East Seleucids Seleusus general of Alexander Greece and Macedonia Antigonids Took longer to form Older ruler BCE Greeks are dominant culture in Mediterranean until Rome s rise 300 30 Hellenism Hellenization Spread of ancient Greek culture after campaigns of Alexander Elements of Greek origin combined with local elements decisive impact by Persian culture Ptolemies Ruling dynasty of one of the three main Hellenistic kingdoms after Alexander s death based in Egypt Last member of dynasty was Cleopatra Significance shows the fractious nature of Hellenistic world after Alexander shows nature and extent of Hellenization especially at Alexandria capital of the Kingdom Early Rome and the Rise to Empire Elaboration of Greek Culture III Hellenization and religion Septuagint Greek translation of Hebrew bible Original language of Christian bible New testament written in Greek The Republic 753 B C 31 B C E includes the early Kings The Empire 31 B C E 476 C E The seven hills of Rome on the Tiber River central Italy Geography and Peoples Advantageous position Central Italy on the Tiber River Nearby peoples Etruscans Greeks in Magna Graecia S Italy Sabines Samnites Latins related to Romans conquered during Early Mid Republic A debate in the Senate during the Late Republic Regal period 753 510 Mainly mythical Beginning 509 B C E System of Republican self rule Consuls Chief magistrates and top generals 2 at a time one year terms People citizen body voting in assemblies Senate Council of Elders lifetime memberships the real power in the state Regal Period 753 510 BCE Republican self rule get rid of Etruscans Consuls chief magistrates and top generals ruled 2 at a time for 1 year each Citizen body that votes in assemblies Senate council of Elders rule for life represent the real power of the state Battle of the Allia Rome s legions overwhelmed Early expansion in Italy driven by security fears Battle of the Allia 390 B C E Disastrous defeat at the hands of Gallic mercenaries A mournful date on the Roman calendar Rome determined never to be taken by surprise again Battle of Allia 390 BCE Disastrous defeat at hands of Gallic Early expansion of Rome driven by security Rome determined to never be taken by Starts Rome s Allia complex and defensive Mercenaries fears surprise imperialism Defensive imperialism leads to Roman growth up to about 275 B C E Network of colonies allies and friends including the Greek cities of southern Italy Bonds of loyalty fides expected from allies and friends Defensive Imperialism Cause of growth up to 275 BCE Develop style of fighting to defeat phalanx Networks of colonies allies and friends Includes cities of S Italy Bonds of loyalty Fides expected from friends Members of the joint patrician plebeian nobility Social Structure in Early Rome Patricians original aristocrats ruling class after expulsion of Kings hereditary membership Plebeians the commoners everyone else Proportional growth of plebeian order over time Members of the joint patrician plebeian nobility Struggle of the Orders Plebeians demand political and civic rights Plebeian leaders The Tribunes extraordinary powers Eventually before 275 B C E the Patrician Plebeian nobility nobiles ruling Rome together Roman Social Structure Patricians original aristocrats core of senate Plebeians commoners Number of patricians became small compared to hereditary Plebeians political rights Struggle of Orders plebeians want civic and Plebeian leaders Tribunes Plebeian patrician nobility rule Rome together The corvus grappling hook a Roman naval invention Carthage The fateful confrontation The Phoenician colony its maritime empire Conflict over influence in Sicily First Punic War 264 241 B C E mainly fought in Sicily and at sea Rome becomes a naval power 1st Punic War 264 241 BCE Fought in Sicily and at sea Rome helps Greek city Messana Rome pushes Carthage out of Sicily defensive imperialism Rome becomes Naval Power First Roman provinces outside of Italy formed Begins long running conflict between Carthage and Rome Hannibal his invasion route Second Punic War 218 201 B C E Hannibal son of Hamilcar story of the Wrath of the Barcas Hannibal s route from Spain across the Alps shock and fear in Rome Disastrous defeats in Italy 218 217 216 Rome nearly collapses rescued by P Cornelius Scipio 2nd Punic War 218 201 BCE Hannibal the son of Hamilcar brings Wrath of Barcas Hates Rome Hannibal takes route from Spain across the Alps Instills shock and fear in Rome Hannibal is a great warrior Rome suffers disastrous defeats in 218 217 and 216 Cannae worst defeat in Roman history Rome nearly collapses rescued by Publicus Cornelius Scipio Invades Africa brings fight to Carthage Hannibal called back to Carthage and defeated by Romans Hannibal Carthaginian general who marched into Italy from Spain in 218 BCE starting the 2nd Punic war Significance battlefield genius
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