Chapter 1 Matter Measurement and Problem Solving The science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying o Chemistry the behavior or atoms and molecules Atoms and Molecules o Atoms o Molecules arrangement Submicroscopic particles and the fundamental building blocks of life Two or more atoms attached together in a specific geometrical Scientific Approach to Knowledge o Types of Observations Qualitive of nature Quantitive an observation Observations that are descriptions of the characteristics or behaviors o The result of observation is a Hypothesis a tentative interpretation or explanation for Compare a characteristic to a standard numerical scale o Validate or invalidate hypothesizes with an Experiment A set of highly controlled procedures designed to test whether an idea about nature is valid From Specific to General Observations o Scientific Law observations A statement that summarizes all past observations and predicts future Law of Conservation of Mass created nor destroyed Scientific Laws allow you to predict future observations ex Periodic Law In a chemical reaction matter is neither From Specific to General Understanding o Scientific Theory and behave the way they do A general explanation for WHY things in nature are the way they are Relationships Between Pieces of the Scientific Method Classification of Matter Matter anything that occupies space and has mass o Matter is separated into two types of classifications State Composition o Classifying Matter by Physical State Solids may be either o Crystalline Salt Diamonds Sugar o Amorphous Plastic Glass Charcoal o o Pure Substances another Matter whose composition doesn t change from one sample to Made of a single type of atom or molecule o Mixture Matter whose composition may vary from one sample to another Two or more types of atoms or molecules combined in variable proportions Pure Substances Possible to be elements OR compounds Pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by o Elements chemical reactions are called elements Composed of single type of atom Atoms may or may not be combined into molecules o Compounds Pure Substances that can be decomposed Chemical Combination of elements Composed of molecules that contain two or more separate atoms Mixtures o Homogeneous Mixture Mixtures that have uniform composition throughout Every piece of a sample has identical Characteristics Atoms or molecules mixed uniformly Tea with Sugar o Heterogeneous Mixture Mixture that does not have uniform composition throughout Regions within the sample can have different characteristics Atoms or molecule not mixed uniformly Wet Sand Changes in Matter o Physical changes in matter occur without any changes in composition of matter The state of the matter changes generally Boiling Condensing Melting Freezing Subliming Dissolving o Chemical changes in matter occur with changes in matter composition Rusting Burning etc Properties of Matter o Physical Properties composition Characteristics of matter that can be changed without changing its Characteristics that describe the behavior of matter o Chemical Properties changes as a result of contact with other matter or the influence of energy Characteristics that determine how the composition of matter Energy Energy Changes in Matter o Changes in matter both physical and chemical result in the matter either gaining or releasing energy o Energy The capacity to do work Work All matter possesses energy The action of a force applied across a distance o Energy is classified as Kinetic Potential Energy of Matter o Kinetic Energy The energy of motion Thermal heat energy is a form of kinetic energy because it is caused by molecular motion o Potential Energy Energy that is stored in the matter Due to the composition of the matter and its position relative to other things o Law of Conservation of Energy the total amount of energy remains the same Energy can be converted from one form to another but Standard Units of Measure The Standard Units o SI Units distance traveled in a specific period of time SI Unit Meter m about 3 37 inches longer than a yard A set of international standard units for comparing all our measurements Length Mass Measure of the amount of matter present in an object Time SI Unit Kilogram kg about 2 lbs 3 oz SI Unit Second s Derivatives of length and mass units o 1 M 100 cm o 1 cm 01 m 10mm o 1 inch 2 54 cm o 1 kg 2 2046 pounds 1 lb 453 59g o 1 kg 1000g 10 3g o 1 g 1000 mg 10 3 mg o 1 g 001 kg 10 3 kg o 1 mg 001 g 10 3 Temperature o Temperature energy caused by motion of the particles Measure of the Average amount of kinetic Temperature Scales o Fahrenheit Scale F Used in the U S o Celsius Scale C o Kelvin Scale Absolute Scale Used in all other countries No negative Numbers Directly proportional to average amount of kinetic energy 0 K absolute zero Common Prefix Multipliers in the SI System Volume Derived Unit o 1 mL 1 cm o 1 m 10 6 m 00001m Intensive and Extensive Properties o Extensive Properties properties whose value depends on the quantity of matter Extensive properties cannot be used to identify what type of matter something is Mass and Volume are extensive properties o Intensive Properties Properties whose values are independent of the quantity of o Commonly measure liquid or gas volume in milliliters 1 L is slightly larger than 1 quart 1 L 1 dm 1000 mL 10 mL 1 mL 001 L 10 3 Common Units and their Equivalents o Length o Mass o Volume 1 kilometer km 0 6214 mile mi 1 meter m 39 37 inches in 1 meter m 1 094 yards yd 1 foot ft 30 48 centimeters cm 1 inch in 2 54 centimeters cm 1 kilogram km 2 205 pounds lbs 1 pounds lb 453 59 grams g 1 ounce oz 28 35 grams g 1 liter L 1000 milliliters mL 1 liter L 1000 cubic centimeters cm 1 liter L 1 057 quarts qt 1 U S gallon gal 3 785 liters L matter o Density Density ratio of mass to volume Intensive Property o Solids g cm g mL o Liquids g mL o Gases g L o Density Solids Liquids Gases o Density Rules For equal volumes denser object has larger mass For equal masses denser object has smaller volume The density changes with temperature Measurement and Significant Figures What is measurement o The unit tells you about standard o The number tells you What multiple of the standard The uncertainty in the measurement o Scientific measurements are reported so that every digit written is certain except the o The last digit which is not written must be estimated between the marks o Mentally divide the space into ten equal