Exploring the Earth System 1 Interconnected processes 2 Products of the processes 3 Space and time 4 Components a Physiochemical inorganic physical and chemical processed shaping Earth b Biological life and related processes c Physiochemical biological 5 Coastal Encroachment MS Delta a Phy increase T glaciers melt SL rises b Bio life in specialized ecosystems buffer storm effects water filtration c Chem change in composition of ocean water Principles of Geology 1 Catastrophism 2 Actualism a Uniformitarianism 3 Lyell argued no events unseen by humans have occurred a False chemical reactions magnetic change meteorite impact 4 Lyell argued geologic changes are always slow a False floods shape the Earth 5 Lyell argues rocks and living things have never basically changed a False evolution of species 6 Natural laws have not varied over the course of geologic time a Rates of change vary b Conditions aren t static through time c Some conditions aren t directly observable d Not all events have been duplicated e Not all events have occurred 7 Stratigraphy a Study of stratified rocks and their relationships in space and time b Strata individual layers in rock c Steno s Principles i Superposition older rock on bottom newer rock on top ii Original horizontality sediment is originally deposited horizontally iii Lateral Continuity if one strata matches another on another side of a canyon there were once connected 8 Non sediment Principles a Intrusive relationships igneous intrusion is younger than the rock it cuts b Principle of Components inclusions pieces of preexisting rock is included in a younger rock 9 Additional a Fossil successions relative age sedimentary rocks b Radiometric dating dating isotopes igneous and metamorphic rocks absolute age c Global markers rare instances time restraint Cycles 1 Rock Cycle endless pathway of rocks of varying kinds transformed into other rocks within the lithosphere 2 Plate Tectonic Theory explains features and processes associated with the 4 Water Cycle endless flow of water between natural reservoirs at or near Earth s movement of Earth s lithospheric plates a Cycle of formation destruction and offset 3 PT and Rock Cycle a Subduction of ocean crust b Partial melting of downward plate c Rise and eruption of magma volcano d Contact mm e Erosion and sediment production surface caused by heat from sun 5 Water and Rocks a Water is part of certain materials b Water controls weathering Non Cyclic Change 1 Directional change a Biological i Evolution reshapes life drastically b phys and chem i cooling of Earth s interior ii PT c Phys chem bio i Certain extinctions ii Early Earth oxygen 2 Episodic Change a Sediment occurs in pulses b Deposition can be catastrophic c Unconformities angular nonconformity and disconformity d Mass extinction ME
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