The First World War and the Dissolution of the Old Order History Final Vocabulary 1 Austria Hungary wanted control of the Balkan territory Made and alliance with Russia 2 Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated on June 28 1914 by a Serbian nationalist spiraling into a worldwide war 3 Schlieffen Plan implemented by Germany in hope of avoiding a two front war Began the war effort by attacking France with massive forces hoping France would fall easily Once France fell would turn its focus on Russia Plan almost worked 4 First Battle of the Marne September 5 12 1914 Germany ended up fighting a two front war and were slowing its advances in France French armies were reinforced by Britain and counterattacked Germany in this battle where the French and English were able to push Germans back about 70 miles from Paris Marked the collapse of the Schlieffen Plan 5 Western Front trench line frontier where most of the savage fighting in WWI took place 6 Trench warfare defensive type of warfare where armies could use machine guns and artillery to stop any attack Attackers had to climb out of their trench and run across no man s land and charge the other trench by fighting hand to hand combat Attacks had limited successs because knew where an attack would be focused and soldiers were running into a shower of machine guns and artillery zones going over the top refers to soldiers climbing out of trench to attack enemies in other trench 7 8 Battle of Verdun February December 1916 Longest and most devastating battle of war The stated aim of Germany was to attack france until they bled france white It was just about killing not acquiring territory for Germany Close to 1 million casualties and no territory changed hands 9 Battle of the Somme July November 1916 Supposed to lead to a major push into German territory by British 10 Gallipoli Campaign April 1915 January 1916 British and French operation mounted to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople and secure a sea route to Russia The attempt failed and is considered one of the greatest victories of the Turks and a major failure by the Allies 11 Fourteen Points January 1918 outlined by American president Andrew Wilson that established what would be the best guidelines for lasting peace The most important points defined principle of self determination of people laid framework for the League of Nations to settle international disputes Nationalists all over Europe as well as colonists seized on principle of self determination to create own nation states with rights of self government Armenian Genocide 1 Ottoman Empire committed largest genocide in the world but deny it to this day over 1 million Armenians put to death 2 Anatolia where Armenians originally came from 2500 years ago 3 Millet system each religious group had its own religious community with rights to rule themselves in exchange for loyalty to the sultan forced to obey they were infidels second class status demanded change agitated for equal rights 4 Hamidiye regiments sultan s personal cavalry that were used in resistance led by sultan 5 Hamidian Massacres 1894 tens of thousands of innocent people were massacred in the following years assault on Armenians in their quest for change and equal rights It was repressive violence meaning that it was a weak government that instrumented the massacre as a means to maintain control 200 000 people killed 6 Young Turks 1908 New political movement that came to power Forced the sultan from office in a coup had a better vision for the Ottoman empire believed they needed their own constitution and parliament 7 Committee of Union and Progress CUP 1913 Radical nationalist wing of Young Turks that gained control of the government 8 Talaat Pasha Minister of the interior 9 Enver Pasha energetic dynamic soldier with great ambition to become a Napoleon for his people Minister of defense 10 Jamal Pasha Minister of the navy 11 Special Organization led by physician Shakir committed to extermination of Armenians mobile killing units were designed organized death squads genocide ordered from the top but ordinary people became involved when they found reason to partake in genocide 12 Battle of Sarikamis 1914 1915 Attacked Russia so they could use the German Alliance to spread their empire create Grand Turkish Empire Defeated and their hopes for a united empire were smashed CUP disarmed all the Armenians in the army and blamed them for their loss at Sarikamis sent into labor battalions first massacres Started to deport Armenian intellectual leaders in 1915 13 Van Turkey killed Turkish soldiers and held off Turkish forces for a month Armenians fighting back similar to uprisings in years before WWI 14 Henry Morganthau ambassador in Istanbul US consul 15 Oscar Heizer in Trabsun 16 Leslie Davis in Harput 17 Jesse Benjamin Jackson In Aleppo filed reports on the atrocities they witnessed 18 Deir Zor Over 1 million survived the forced marches ended up in the deep south in present day Syria in Deir Zor desert where they faced starvation 19 Ataturk new Turkish republic created in 1923 separating itself from Ataturk Constantinople became Instanbul again westernized city one party government other countries wanted to become allies with Turkey The Soviet Experiment markets 1 Kadets constitutional democrats liberal group who advocated for democracy and free 2 Social Democrats Marxist socialists who followed the rules of Marx s communist manifesto Marx was clear that there first had to be a Bourgeoisie capital revolution to prepare the proletariat for a socialist revolution 3 Mensheviks 1903 Believed society really had to follow the Marxist model and wait for capitalism to fully develop before Russia was ready for socialism 4 Bolsheviks 1903 Argued that Marxist ideas had to be adapted to current Russian 5 circumstances Lenin 1870 1924 argued that a small group of secret professional revolutionaries could serve as a revolutionary vanguard and would organize the proletariat and poor in order to bring on the revolution Skip ahead in the process that Marx had described and smush all the revolutions together and have a bourgeoisie and socialist revolution at the same time 6 Permanent Revolution theory made up by Lenin with the thought that the bourgeoisie and proletariat would unite to overthrow the monarchy and then the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie afterward 7 Soviets after the 1905 uprising in St Petersburg workers started to experiment with alternate forms of