CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN Learning Objectives The Connection between Genes and Proteins 1 Explain the reasoning that led Archibald Garrod to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes 2 Describe Beadle and Tatum s experiments with Neurospora and explain the contribution they made to our understanding of how genes control metabolism 3 Distinguish between the one gene one enzyme hypothesis and the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis and explain why the original hypothesis was changed 4 Explain how RNA differs from DNA 5 Briefly explain how information flows from gene to protein Is the central dogma ever violated 6 Distinguish between transcription and translation 7 Compare where transcription and translation occur in bacteria and in eukaryotes 8 Define codon and explain the relationship between the linear sequence of codons on mRNA and the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide 9 Explain the early techniques used to identify what amino acids are specified by the triplets UUU AAA GGG and CCC 10 Explain why polypeptides begin with methionine when they are synthesized 11 Explain what it means to say that the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous 12 Explain the significance of the reading frame during translation 13 Explain the evolutionary significance of a nearly universal genetic code The Synthesis and Processing of RNA 14 Explain how RNA polymerase recognizes where transcription should begin Describe the role of the promoter the terminator and the transcription unit 15 Explain the general process of transcription including the three major steps of initiation elongation and termination 16 Explain how RNA is modified after transcription in eukaryotic cells 17 Define and explain the role of ribozymes What three properties allow some RNA molecules to function as ribozymes 18 Describe the functional and evolutionary significance of introns 19 Explain why due to alternative RNA splicing the number of different protein products an organism can produce is much greater than its number of genes Learning Objectives for Campbell Reece Biology 8th Edition Pearson Education Inc 1 of 2 The Synthesis of Protein 20 Describe the structure and function of tRNA 21 Explain the significance of wobble 22 Explain how tRNA is joined to the appropriate amino acid 23 Describe the structure and functions of ribosomes 24 Explain the statement A ribosome can be regarded as one colossal ribozyme 25 Describe the process of translation including initiation elongation and termination and explain which enzymes protein factors and energy sources are needed for each stage 26 Describe the significance of polyribosomes 27 Explain what determines the primary structure of a protein and describe how a polypeptide must be modified before it becomes fully functional 28 Describe what determines whether a ribosome will be free in the cytosol or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum 29 Define point mutations Distinguish between base pair substitutions and base pair insertions Give an example of each and note the significance of such changes 30 Distinguish between a missense and a nonsense mutation 31 Why is an insertion or deletion more likely to be deleterious than a substitution 32 Define the term mutation Give an example of a physical and a chemical agent of mutation 33 Briefly compare gene expression in bacteria archaea and eukarya In general is archaeal gene expression more similar to bacterial or eukaryotic gene expression 34 Describe the historical evolution of the concept of a gene Learning Objectives for Campbell Reece Biology 8th Edition Pearson Education Inc 2 of 2