Kate Field- 1838-1896- Began her career on the stage- Toured U.S., Europe- Sent free-lance pieces to Boston Courtier- Met Trollope, Hawthorne, Eliot- Henry James modeled a heroine of his novels on her- Returned to U.S. and wrote about art, theater, music- Lectured on abolition, for temperance, against polygamy, on literature- Moved to Washington and wrote “Kate Field’s Washington”  promoted it as a city- Wrote about society, artsJoseph Pulitzer- New York World- “new journalism”- Recognized audience potential: newcomers, immigrants, working class- Knew they wanted social reforms- Gained circulation with human-interest stories, sensationalism, entertainment- Once he had circulation, could win reforms by solid reporting and editorial campaigns- “Yellow journalism”o Based in part on his successo Came about at height of circulation warso Bold headlines, illustrations, exaggeration, scandalo Bragged about concern for people for proceeded with little regard to ethics or responsibilityo Emphasized sensationalismCharles A. Dana- Editor of The New York Sun from 1868 to death in 1897- Promised readers “a daily photograph of the whole world’s doings in the most luminous and lively manner”- Staff wrote simply and clearly insisted that news be written as well as literatureo Wanted headlines to have literary flourish- Had an “indefinable newspaper instinct”- Had been an assistant to Horace Greeley at the New York Tribuneo Led editorial campaign against slavery- Complete obituary- Charles Anderson Dana, editor of The Sun, died yesterday afternoonThomas Nast- Was hired as a political cartoonist for Harper’s Weekly- Most famous for his depictions of Boss Tweed- “Father of the American cartoon”- First to make cartoons influential- Creator of the Republican elephantFrank A. Munsey- Successful magazine publisher- Envisioned national newspaper chain with a central headquarters- Interested in efficiency- Was not a news man- Bought the New York Star in 1891 but it failed- 1901-1917: bought/began papers in NY, Washington, Baltimore, Boston, Philly killed off weak papers but failed to create a chain- Resented by people in the newspaper business- hated his cold “it’s only business” approachE.W. Scripps- Raised in Illinois- Half brother founded the Detroit Press (adherent of new journalism)- Borrowed funds from his brothers to found the Cleveland press and buy the Cincinnati Post- Aimed papers at working people in smaller industrial citieso Plan for expansion: Started papers in small but growing industrial cities Sent in team of aggressive young journalists Demanded short tightly written stories with small headlines to save moneyo Papers were easy to read, distinguished by bright writingo Human interest stories, local crusades, tough news coverageo Protested authority in government, politics, religiono Viewed his papers as classroom for working mano Stood for unions, collective bargaining- New business model:o Distributed papers to suburbs, not just citieso Got bulk of income from advertisers, not subscribers- 1907- founded United press Associations as a competitor to the Associated Press (mergedwith Hearst’s International News Service in 1958 to form United Press International)o Saw AP as a monopoly which he believed needed to be challengedWilliam Randolph Hearst- Built world’s biggest publishing chain- Height of power in 1935- Controlled:o 26 dailies and 17 Sunday editions in 19 citieso King Features Syndicate (comics and features_o International News Serviceo International News Photoso 13 magazineso 8 radio stationso 2 film companies- Took over San Francisco Examiner from his father in 1887 at age 24- 1896- bought New York Journal- Was inspired by Pulitzer’s successo Believed in huge, showy headlines, big illustrations, investigationso Crossed into sensationalism- Hearst papers stood for American patriotism, advocated graduated income tax and pushedfor break up of monopolies- Company wasn’t financially solido By 1937, he had to let trustees take charge and sell of some propertieso Meanwhile, Hearst lived like royalty- Influence:o Technical advances helped the industryo Sensationalist colored coverageo Editorial pages were not high qualityo His Americanism bordered on demagogueryo His newspapers engaged “Red hunts” as they covered unions, governments, politicso Praised early Nazi programso Editorial campaign against FDR in 1936 backfired and turned readers awayMathew Brady- Trained by Samuel F.B. Morse, inventor of telegraph- 1840- opens world’s first portrait studio in New York- Became foremost portrait photographers (subjects included president John Quincy Adams through McKinley)- Contact Lincoln and proposed on-location photography of Civil War- Wanted to chronicle war from beginning to end in photos- Protected by Secret Service, brought a black wagon (portable dark room) to the front- Collection considered first news photographyLincoln Steffens- Muckraker- Investigated corruption in municipal government in cities - The Shame of the CitiesIda Tarbell- Muckraker- Investigative reporter- Exposed the oil trusts- companies that tried to gain control of an industry and drive out competitors Henry R. Luce- Magazine publisher- Called the most influential private citizen of his day- Launched and supervised magazine that transformed journalism and the reading habits of upscale Americans- Launched Life & Time magazines- organized news for the busy manMargaret Bourke-White- American photographer and documentary photographer- First foreign photographer permitted to take pictures of Soviet industry- First female war correspondent- First female photographer for Henry Luce’s Life magazineEdward R. Murrow- Broadcast journalist- Came to prominence with a series of radio news broadcasts during WWII- Honesty and integrity when delivering the news- Pioneer of television broadcastingNewton H. Minow- New chairman of Federal Communications Commission- Influence:o More children’s programso UHF receivers, allowed for more channels, more programso Satellite telecommunicationsWalter Cronkite- Best known as anchorman for CBS news- Gained national trust and respect because he covered so many huge news stories- Became an American icon during his career- Allowed viewers to feel personal connections- Demonstrated importance of strict reportingBarbara Walters- First female co-anchor with Harry Reasoner on ABC in 1976Max Robinson- ABC World News Tonight in 1978-