Benjamin Harris-- Produced Publick Occurences (first American newspaper)- Boston 1690- Four pages, three printed and one blank to write own news and pass on- Government shuts down after first issueJohn Campbell-- Postmaster- Boston News-Letter- first continuously published American newspaper (1704)- Much of the news was already weeks old- really boring- No reporting staff, editors, designers, advertising staff- Stories were notes of ships and info clipped from papers arriving from Europe- All stories cleared with the governor before printingJames Franklin-- Establishes New-England Courant in 1721- First American publisher to print with out a license- Argued he had duty to tell readers news- as long as he was telling the truth- Fought for free expression long before courts recognized it as a right- Began tradition of journalistic independence- 1722- thrown in jailBenjamin Franklin-- James is ordered not to print without a license- Evades order by making his younger brother Benjamin publisher- Ben Franklin runs Courant then moves to Philadelphia and takes over Philadelphia Gazette 1729o Produces a bold witty papero Became a wealthy businessmano Recognized he could print almost anything so long as he had public supporto Won public support by gaining respect of readerso Made business respectableJohn Peter Zenger-- German immigrant, arrives in US at 13- Becomes official printer of Maryland after he’s married- Widowed and then moves back to NY to open a print shop- In NY, only paper is NY Gazette, published by official printer William Bradford- Bradford cannot print anything - Wilson and Zenger start New York Daily Journal (extremely popular)- Zenger charged w seditious libel against the governmento Advanced principle of free speecho Jury finds Zenger not guilty but evidence contradicted verdict so it wasn’t good for legal systemo Authorities admitted no new legal precedent after trialo Libel law didn’t change for more than 50 years after that James Rivington-- Tory publisher- 1773- begins New York Gazetteer- Believed all citizens should support traditions and law, fend off the anarchists- Paper offered all points of view- Believed in objectivity- almost unheard of for that time- Argued against ‘agitators’- Shop was raided and he was hanged in effigy- After battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775, drops objectivity- Wartime papers print vicious rumors about the rebels- but he reported objectively about the end of the war (enemies shut down paper down in 1783 anyway)Samuel Adams-- Radical- Cousin to John Adams (2nd president)- Known as a hothead- became leader of the radicals- Believed war with England was inevitable, but knew his side couldn’t win unless he had convinced masses his side was right- Wrote for Boston Gazette and Country Journal- Five propaganda objectiveso Justify the Radicals beliefs o Arouse the masses by instilling hatred of enemyo Convince citizenry victory would benefit themo Knock down opponents’ argumentso Explain everything simply, directly, so all would understand - Became an expert at gathering news- Set up Committees of Correspondence, whose representatives spread through the colonies and covered meetings (reported back to Adams- sort of news service; no one hadorganized this kind of system before)Margaret Draper-- Only person who keeps publishing despite threats between 1775-1776- Tory- Publishes accounts of Battles of Lexington and Concord and Battle of Bunker Hill- Prints paper until March 1776 when British evacuate Boston- Sails with other Loyalists to Nova Scotia, later moving to London- First continuously published paper in America closes after 72 yearsBenjamin Franklin Bache-- Bache says Alien and Sedition act violates 1st Amendment- Arrested for printing an article that suggested France would be willing to make peace with America- Furthered freedom of the press- Critical of government and political awareness1Benjamin Day-- Arrives in NY from Massachusetts, runs print shop- Watched penny papers in Boston, Philadelphia fail- Decides to sell by the copy, not by annual subscription- New York Sun (1833)- articles were mostly local news- Within 6 mos, circulation was almost twice its nearest rival (8000)- Covered courts, human interest stories, heavy on sensational writing- Begins attracting lots of ads more ads more money more news- Not all reliable writing (Great Moon Hoax, Balloon Hoax)Arunah Shepherdson Abell-- Former partner of Benjamin Day- Begins the Baltimore Sun in 1837- Pioneers telegraph news- First newspaper in country with a Washington bureau (because of location)o Other papers turn to Sun for complete national government coverageSamuel F.B. Morse-- Invented telegrapho Opens new era in how news is transmittedo Newspaper jump on the new technologyJames Gordon Bennett-- Innovator- Founded New York Herald in 1835 after being rejected from the Sun- Imitates NY Sun, then improves on it- one of the first to focus on fact and truth- Writing style was different for the time- Expands crime coverage and sensational cases- Starts financial section (the “money page”)- Started covering religion- Began printing readers’ letters- 1836- raised price to 2 centsHorace Greeley-- New York Tribune founded in 1841- Greatest newspaper by the 19th century and main source of news- Pioneering start of mass media- Trails Sun and Herald in daily circulation- Weekly edition gains 200,000 circulation around the country- Editorial policy included socialist philosophy- Became most popular editor in the countryMargaret Fuller Ossoli-- Father insisted on educating her (not popular at the time among women)- Wrote for The Dial, a transcendentalist newspaper- Wrote for The Tribune, wrote book called “Women of the 19th Century”- Became one of America’s first foreign correspondents- Helped shape women’s movement- Set many literary standards- Set the stage for women in traditionally male jobsJoseph Pullitzer-- Born in Hungary and came to U.S. to fight for the Union in the Civil War- 1883 bought failing NY World- Help reporters to high standards- 1890s competed with NY Journal for readers- Yellow journalism- the use of sensationalistic things to increase circulation- Used wealth to establish first school of journalism at Columbia- Pioneered many techniques, yellow journalism, called for proper education for journalistsAdolph S. Ochs-- By 1896, the New York Times was in decline so Ochs purchased it- Publisher of the Chattanooga Times- Targeted a specific