Chapter 4 Emotions and Moods What Are Emotions and Moods Affect a broad range of feelings that people experience Emotions intense feelings that are directed at someone or something o Caused by a specific event brief in duration specific and numerous in nature accompanied by facial expression action oriented in nature Moods feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus o Cause is often general and unclear last longer than emotions more general generally not indicated by distinct expressions cognitive in nature 6 universal emotions anger fear sadness happiness disgust and surprise Emotions can not be neutral being neutral is being non emotional Positive and negative affect are moods Positive affect a mood dimension that consists of specific positive emotions such as excitement self assurance and cheerfulness at the high end and boredom sluggishness and tiredness at the low end Negative affect a mood dimension that consists of emotions such as nervousness stress and anxiety at the high end and relaxation tranquility and poise at the low end Positivity onset the tendency of most individuals to experience a mildly positive mood at zero input when nothing in particular is going on Emotions are critical to rational thinking People who are behaving ethically are at least partially making decisions based on their emotions and feelings Influences of emotions and moods o Personality most people have built in tendencies to experience certain moods and emotions more frequently than others Affect intensity individual differences in the strength with which individuals experience their emotions o Day of the week time of the day most happy at the end of the week and at the halfway point between waking and sleeping o Weather doesn t really affect you Illusory correlation the tendency of people to associate two events when in reality there is no connection o Stress more stress worse mood o Social activities increase positive mood little effect on negative mood o Sleep less sleep worse mood o Exercise more exercise positive mood o Age negative emotions appear less as ppl get older o Sex men report higher levels of powerful emotions like anger women report more powerless emotions like sadness and fear women are more emotionally expressive than men Emotional Labor Emotional labor a situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work Emotional dissonance inconsistencies between the emotions people feel and the emotions they project Felt emotions an individual s actual emotions Displayed emotions emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job Surface acting hiding one s inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules Deep acting trying to modify one s true inner feelings based on display rules Affective Events Theory Affective events theory AET a model that suggests that workplace events cause emotional reactions on the part of employees which then influence workplace attitudes and behaviors An emotional episode is actually a series of emotional experiences precipitated by a single event and containing elements of both emotions and mood cycles Current emotions influence job satisfaction at any given time along with the history of emotions surrounding the event Because moods and emotions change over time their effect on performance Emotion driven behaviors are typically short in duration and of high also changes variability Because emotions even positive ones tend to be incompatible with behaviors required to do a job they typically have a negative influence on job performance Emotional intelligence EI the ability to detect and to manage emotional Emotional Intelligence cues and information Arguments in favor of EI o Intuitive appeal people who can detect emotions in others control their own emotions and handle social interactions have a powerful leg up in the business world o EI predicts criteria that matter high EI means a person will perform well on the job o EI is biologically based Arguments against EI o Researchers do not agree on definitions o EI can t be measured o EI is personality with a different label Emotion regulation identify and modify the emotions you feel OB Applications of Emotions and Moods Selection there is social interaction Decision Making o EI should be considered when you hire an employee especially when o Positive moods and emotions seem to help make good decisions o Good moods more creativity o Good moods positive feedback motivated people o Leaders must convey emotions for the audience to agree with their Creativity Motivation Leadership message Negotiation Customer service o Displaying a negative emotion during poker can be helpful o Feeling bad about a performance impedes future negotiations o Emotional contagion the process by which peoples emotions are caused by the emotions of others Job attitudes o If you had a bad day at work you tend to bring that attitude home Deviant workplace behaviors o Negative emotions more deviant behavior Safety and injury at work o Bad moods can lead to injury at work
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