p 1 10 pharmacy is the health profession that links the healths sciences with the chemical sci ences It is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs profession is a paid occupation which involves intensive training and formal qualifica tion widespread training along with the study and mastery of specific info generally has a professional association ethical code and the procedure of certification or licensing 1800s pharmacy was a learned trade no requirement for formal education training no clinical trials for testing safety efficacy of products College of Physicians of Philadelphia earliest attempt to institutionalize pharmacy prac tice in America 1821 German pharmaceutical practices recognized as exemplary imitated early pharmacy schools were founded with an apprenticeship 1900s pharmacy education consisted of manufacturing dispensing pharmaceuticals 1992 PharmD degree is the only professional pharmacy degree NAPLEX assesses an individual s competency and knowledge so that he she may be given a license to practice tical products services 2010 addition of pharmacoeconomics compares costs outcomes involving pharmaceu inclusion of this signaled a shift within the profession of pharmacy pharmacy organization educational regulatory AND trade organizations educational regulatory organizations 1852 APhA was established first professional organization for pharmacy purpose to standardize the quality of drugs chemicals nationwide APhA developed a code of ethics policy for profession of pharmacy is developed by the APhA house of delegates virtually every pharmacy specialty organization traces its roots to APhA 1950s large scale manufacturing of medicinal products limited role of pharmacists to compounding dispensing and labeling prefabricated products 1950s pharmacy evolved toward more patient oriented practice developed concept of clinical pharmacy marked beginning of a period of rapid transition trade organizations reflects changes in environment National Wholesale Druggists Association NWDA established in 1876 strengthen relationship between wholesaler s suppliers and customers trade groups advance pharmacy network represent interests concerns of pharmacists legislation laws process by which they are enacted regulation rules directives made and maintained by recognized authority first major federal legislation Drug Importation Act of 1848 because decline in quality of imported drugs required US customs to stop entry of drugs from overseas National Formulary first publications aimed at prevention of brand name counterfeits Pure Food and Drug Act prevent manufacture sale or transportation of drugs food medicines and liquors and traffic therin 195 Durham Humphrey Amendment defined the kinds of drugs that cannot be safely used without medical supervision restricted their sale to prescription by a licensed practitioner defined prescription and nonprescription p identified which original prescriptions and refills could be authorized over phone 1962 Kefauver Harris Amendment required manufacturers of drugs to provide proof of effectiveness safety of drugs after several hundred babies were malformed until 1960s pharmacists duties were limited to dispensing of medicines evolution of pharmacy from clinical pharmaceutical care in 90s MTM change from product oriented practice to patient oriented service today most employees work within organizations pharmacists found it harder to prac tice independently tions including prescribed and OTC pharmacists serve as health educators by guiding patients through various therapy op 2 Define the pharmacy health profession in your own words 3 Identify major historical events education regulatory practice etc which have impacted the pharmacy profession and its evolu tion 4 Discuss the growth in pharmacy education which has prepared stu dents with knowledge skills and values for careers in pharmacy practice 5 Explain contributions pharmacy and pharmacist have to the US health care system 35 44 between 2005 2008 about half the population used at least one prescription drug per month in the US 74 of physician office visits resulted in at least one prescribed medication US healthcare delivery system is not centralized described as fragmented two schools of thought health is an individual s right government should be actively involved in ensuring that every individual has equitable access to affordable health care similar to most Eu ropean countries Canada where gov t has central control health is a commodity left best to the free market economy health is not a perfect good so perfect competition hasn t been achieved healthcare industry cannot have subpar or cheap treatment devastating outcome market tried to respond with generic and brand name drugs different tiers of insurance and different types of hospitals led to negative externalities increasing cost of health care monopoly of the market pharmaceutical companies patency rights until recently focus had been on quality control than cost containment Obamacare of 2010 shifted focus from quality care to cost increasing access to health care by expanding health insurance coverage to Americans without health insurance approx 46 million Americans without health insurance met with resistance because perception that it increases gov t control over health care pharmacy has operated largely under the free market model dominated by private owner ship Walgreens and CVS corporate chain ownership costs mittees MTM retail pharmacy within a 5 min drive of most Americans decreased control power of pharmacists but increased access of pharmacy services in the community pharmacies responded to rising healthcare costs with extensive generic drug substitution and prescription loyalty discount programs 40 of every dollar spent on drugs goes to retail sector FDA responsible for drug safety rigorous 4 phase process initial phase animal studies basic sciences three phases of clinical investigation if drug is approved drug company gets patency rights to their product to safeguard their investment and to spur further innovation 1995 Federal Trade Commission allowed drug companies to advertise directly to con sumers to involve patients by increasing their knowledge on new alternative medications however could have added to increased demand for newer meds rising healthcare earlier pharmacy curricula did NOT emphasize clinical practice of pharmacy shift to the doctor of pharmacy program residencies emphasis