Chapter 1 Public family adults who are related and taking care of dependents o Community knows about family and helps regulate the families and their ideals and how they are organized o In public families people take care and depend on each other Private family adults in relationship who take care of dependents o Family organization and life is a private matter where only family knows o Private family emphasize intimacy and persona fulfillment Family life is centered on marriage Marriage sexual activity and child rearing over lap Marriage is not economically necessary when the people don t pool money Now women are in the workforce and rely on men less Decline in marriage and more allowance of cohabitation reflect rise of individualism Negative externalities occur when a family does something that has a negative impact on others Positive externalities occur when family does something that has benefit on those around them but they do not reap the benefits Chapter 2 Western nations the larger kinship is weaker and the smaller husband wife children unit is dominated Plymouth In tribal societies people married outside of clan to make clan alliances o Children received education from their parents unless they were working in another home family was school o Families supplemented church with family worship Families 1776 1900 Four new characteristics o Marriage was increasingly based on affection o Role of wife was to care for children o Home was the women s sphere o Center of attention and energy was on children o Number of children per family declined Preserving marriage was important for moral order Public family in terms of valuable care for dependents Husbands began getting jobs that paid Growth of commercial capitalism Africa Americans Have always been different than white families Black women worked outside of home more than white women Often to AA women to have a child before marriage Mexican Americans There were elite landowning families an poorer farmer laborer settlers Landowning elite claimed to be purely Spanish They arrange childrens marriage to preserve or merge their holdings with other wealthy families Mestizo person whose ancestors include both Spanish settlers and native Americans they tended to be laborers on farms Compadrazgo a godparents relationship in which a wealthy or influential person outside the kinship group became the compadre or godparent of a newborn child particularly baptism But traditional male dominance eroded under low wages of urban employment and separation of migrant workers from families Asians In traditional Asian families males were head of the household Sons and wives were expected to take care of parents when old Emphasis on children s loyalty to parents Less important on happiness but more on fulfilling obligations Bilateral kinship tracing through both father and mother Rise of Private family Increase in premarital sex good sex essential for marriage Drop in birthrate Rebellion outrageous clothing and indecent dance Rise in divorce Birth control Defining marital terms in emotional terms not material terms and were beginning to derive their Independent women greatest satisfaction not from the roles they played but from the quality of the relationships they had with their spouses and children Family has become less dominant force Birthrate declined and adult expectancy increased due to advances in medicine 1950s Baby boom large number of children born after 1940 1960 Birth rate rose for everyone 1960s and beyond Women and men were marrying later Cohabitation increased Women worked outside of home Changing lifecourse related to historical events Life course perspective the study of changes in individuals lives over time and how those changes are New stage of life early childhood the period between the mid teens and about age 30 when individuals finish their education enter the labor force and begin their own families Labor force defined as all people who are working for pay and are looking for paid work Early adults live separately from their parents so parents have less control History Americans are families from all over America is a mixing ground Marriage is central to family systems Reader 1 1 Major Trends in the 20th century in American families People live longer Reduction in birth rate Women working outside the home Moderate Changes Changes in age at first marriage Higher rates of premarital sex What s going on with divorce Single Parent Families vs Extended Families vs Nuclear Families Chapter 14 with dependent children Social security Act of 1935 created social security unemployment compensation and aid to mothers Aid to Families with Dependent Children AFDC financial assistance to low income single parent families that became known as welfare Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 Passed by Clinton PRWORA requires recipients to work within 2 years and limits the amount of time people can be on welfare State government that rules a specific territory and population Nation people with shared economic and cultural interests Nation state combines government and cultural connotations of the two worlds it compromises Economic system is capitalism goods and services are privately produced and sold to market for Welfare state capitalist government that has enacted numerous measures to protect workers and families from harshness of the capitalist system Welfare state treats men and women differently Family wage system when male earns enough to provide for family and women returns home to do profit housework o Said family works best when wife and husband occupy different spheres o Social security would only give old age pensions to person who earned it only really allowed men to get which one parent is employed Earned income tax credit EITC a refundable tax credit to low income families with children in Temporary Assistance for needy families TANF federal program of financial assistance to low income families that began in 1996 following the passage of now welfare legislation Reasons for policy reversal 3 differences between 1930 1990s o Attitudes toward women s roles o Characteristics of the recipients o Concern about dependency Chapter 4 multiplied by 3 Poverty line a federally defined income limit defined as the cost of an economy diet for a family New technologies have replaced need for some workers Needed college level workers for highly skilled jobs Single parenting has increased among lower educated