Imagination is more important than knowledge Albert Einstein Chapter 2 Scientific Method and Space 5 Steps of the Scientific Method 1 Define Problem 2 See if the problem has been solved before research 3 Make guesses hypotheses Chapter 3 Time and Matter Time Separates Events Pendulum Discovered by Galileo around 1600 Size of the arc makes no difference Atomic Clock Most accurate kind of clock Ft Collins CO Units of Time Day One rotation of Earth on its axis NOT 24 hours Actually 23 Hours 56 Minutes 4 seconds called a Sidereal Day Solar Sun Day 24 Hours Day we go by time for sun to get around sky one time Difference between Solar and Sidereal day is due to earth orbiting the sun difference is 3 minutes 56 seconds 7 Days in a week simply because of superstition Based off of Sun Sunday Moon Monday Mars Tuesday Mercury Wednesday Jupiter Thursday Venus Friday Saturn Saturday Month Time for moon to orbit the Earth once Originally there were 13 months Triscatephobia Fear of the number 13 Year Time for Earth to orbit Sun 365 1 4 days Leap Year 366 days occurs every 4 years Platonic Year 25 800 years Due to precession wobble of Earth on its axis Jiffy 1 60 of a second Units of Mater Mass English Slug 32 2 pounds on earth Metric Kilogram 2 2 pounds on Earth Chapter 4 Earth 3rd Rock from the Sun Circumference 25 000 miles Great Circle Any line that cuts a sphere into two equal halves Latitude parallel to Equator 0 to 90 Longitude Perpendicular to Equator 0 to 360 0 degrees Longitude Prime Meridian Location Greenwich England Kent 41 N 81 W 180 degrees Longitude International Dateline Layers of the Earth Crust 20 miles thick Light rocks Mantle 1800 miles thick Heavy rocks Core Two Layers 2100 miles Iron Nickel Outer Core 1300 miles Molten Inner Core 800 miles Solid Layers of the Atmosphere Troposphere 0 to 7 miles Most air all weather Stratosphere 7 to 45 miles air too thin to breathe cold Ionosphere 45 to 200 miles Gases of charged particles mirror for radio waves Chapter 5 Coordinates of the Sky Two Coordinate Systems 1 Observer s Sky Local Sky A Azimuth heading tells which direction to look North 0 East 90 South 180 West 270 B Altitude tells how high to look 0 even with ground 90 overhead 2 Celestial Sphere Horizon sky meets earth Zenith the point over head Meridian line that runs north to south through the Zenith Three Problems 1 Earth rotates 2 Earth revolves around the sun 3 Objects move except for stars Geocentric Theory Geo means Earth Centric means center FIrst suggested by Aristotle circa 350 BCE Incorrect theory but useful in learning a more complex coordinate system of the sky Two Rules Pertaining to Polaris 1 The altitude of Polaris your latitude on Earth 2 As the Earth rotates once each day Polaris does not appear to move in the sky But stars the sun planets etc appear to make circles around Polaris once each day Circumpolar stars never rise or set Zodiac twelve constellations the sun moves through Chapter 6 Heliocentric Theory Helio means Sun Centric means center First suggested by Nicolaus Copernicus about the time Columbus discovered America 1492 Proofs of Heliocentric Theory 1 Retrograde motion of the planets 2 Parallax of nearby stars 3 Seasons 4 Aberration of starlight Keplar s 3 laws 1 Planets go around the sun in elliptical orbits with the sun off to one side 2 As a planet nears the sun it speeds up and when it is farther from the sun it slows down Chapter 9 Motion Uniform Velocity Cruise Control the change in an object s distance divided by the change in time Relative Velocity velocity of an object added to the velocity of a frame Simultaneous Motion when an object moves in two dimensions directions at the same time Frame Box in which the onject moves Equation 4 Distance an object moves while accelerating from rest Isotropic Property of Space Whenever an object moves in two dimensions directions simultaneaously motion in one dimension does not affect motion in the other Force Push or pull 1 Gravity Weakest Produced by ALL matter Attracting force 2 Electromagnetic Force of charged particles Positive Proton Negative Electron Like Charges Repel Unlike Charges Attract 3 Strong Interacting Nuclear Force that holds the nucleus together Strongest of all forces 4 Weak Interacting Nuclear Force that breaks the Neutron apart when outside the nucleus after 19 minutes Breaks into Proton Electron and Neutrino G U T Grand Unification Theory All forces ar one in nature Conservation of Angular Momentum Tendency for an object to continue in circular motion Ang Mtm Velocity x Radius Bucycles stay up because of Angular momentum Energy Ability to do work Work 1 Apply a force to an object 2 Move object through a distance 3 Object must move in direction force is applied Units of Work Energy W Force x Distance ENGLISH Foot Pound FT lb METRIC Newton meter N m Dyne Centimeter DY cm ERG Power Work divided by time W T P Units ENGLISH FT lb Sec METRIC N m sec Joule sec J sec WATT 746 watts 1 horsepower Conservation of Energy Energy can neither be created or destroyed The energy in the universe is CONSTANT Demonstrations of Conservation of Energy 1 Multiball pendulum 7 steel balls 2 Compressed or stretched string Destiny of the Universe Heat Death Heat sum total of random of K E of a substance Temperature how fast each atom moves Heat an object exams Cool an object contracts At freezing point water expands to ice ONLY at the freezing point Definitions 1 English British Thermal Unit BTU The amount of heat required to raise one pound of water 1 degree farenheit 2 Matric Large Calorie KCAL The amount of heat required to raise one kilogram of water 1 degree celsius Small Calorie Amount of heat to raise one gram of water one degree celsius One large kalorie equals 1000 small calories Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 4 185 joules of energy one small calorie Entropy Amount of Disorder Low entropy organized High entropy Disorganized Ways to Describe Death of Universe 1 Universe is gaining random K E 2 Universe is gaining heat 3 Universe is increasing entropy Specific Heat A number you look up in a book A number that tells how many large calories you need to raise the temperature of kilogram of a substance one degree celsius Second Law of Thermodynamics Heat naturally flows from hot to cold unless outside energy is applied Three Ways to Transfer Heat 1 Conduction one atom hitting another Domino Effect 2 Convection moving liquids and gases 3 Radiation transfer of heat energy by light waves Phases States of