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BSCI222 – Lecture 1 (9/3/13)- Dr. Kocher (pronounced Coker)- Quizzes will be on material to be discussed, to make sure you’ve read the chapter before discussion. HW problems are practice for how to answer on the exams.- Discuss article on ethical issues in every week’s discussion section (read beforehand).- Agricultural geneticists felt that Mendel’s laws didn’t quite fit their work – second schoolof thought, developing statistical methods for inheritance of large amount of genes, each for a small effect – quantitative genetics. Now they’re back together with statistical analysis of genome sequencing, especially of traits that are not simple Mendellian traits (pursuit of the single gene). The impact of personal genomics (get yourself sequenced, might not tell you much). - History: Darwin did not understand modern genetics when he published Origin of the Species (1859, Civil War). 1866, Mendel published his findings on the laws of inheritance, almost no one read it, was re-discovered 34 years later. 1882, Fleming stained cells and called them chromosomes (colored/stained bodies). 1900, Mendel’s work rediscovered. 1902, Sutton observed chromosome pairs and behavior in cell division and concluded that hereditary factors (genes) must lay there. Also in 1900, Garrod discovered that disease followed Mendel’s laws. 1915, Morgan published first genetic maps (of drosophila) (WWI). 1944, Avery, Macleod and McCarty showed that DNA is the genetic material in the chromosomes (WWII). 1952, definitive proof that DNA is the genetic material (using viruses). 1953, double helix proposed. 1955, Tijo determined that humans have 46 (not 48) chromosomes. 1961, Jacob and Meselson identified the role of RNA as the messenger from chromosomes out to the ribosomes. 1966, Nirenberg and Khorana cracked the genetic code (what sequences for what amino acids). 1977, Sanger developed the method to sequence the human genome (diedoxy chain termination). 1978, Botstein discover restriction enzymes (cut DNA in a specific spot, created huge number of DNA level single-nucleotide polymorphisms to map the human genome). 1980, Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction (still used in most ofgenetics today). 1983, the first human genetic disease (Huntington’s) is mapped to chromosome 4. 1990, Human Genome Project started. 1995, first bacterial genome sequence published by Venter. 1997, Dolly the sheep was somatic cell cloned. 2000, rough drafts of human genome sequence published. 2007, first personal genome sequencepublished (several million dollars then, about a thousand now). 2012, your human genome sequence for about $1,000 (campus machine can do about 30 gigabases/day, your genome is about 3 gigabases. Doing it 10 times is good, so about one person a day.)- Genetic privacy – good topic for the writing assignments (survey on


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UMD BSCI 222 - Lecture 1

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