Chapter 6 Development 3 4 14 6 17 PM Family Environment and Gender Identity Families may influence gender related attitudes behaviors by o Modeling Roberts Douglas Curtis Boles 2013 15 African American college aged men Interview Middle class Low and High SES Qualitative Conceptualization of masculinity and how did you get it Nine themes Father as role model and support for understanding of what it means to be a man Male teachers as role models Families varied widely in definitions of masculinity Lam McHale Updegraff 2012 236 Mexican American families from larger study Children adolescents half female half male Grouped families into patterns of gender role attitudes versus divisions of labor Traditional congruent or incongruent Interested in children s gender development based on this grouping Traditional congruent kids had more traditional gender values than other kids Congruent egalitarian group even break down Incongruent egalitarian Less flexible gender role development identity formation Considerable heterogeneity among Mexican American families o Differential treatment Parental treatment of children of different genders Girls get much more attention for help Dependent not intelligent Boys no help coming General families More household chores to boys than girls Girls chore are more time consuming Boys are more likely to use car with aging Girls tend to have earlier curfews Even with homes with egalitarian beliefs o Different Opportunities Extracurricular activities o Monitoring of friends activities Traditionalism and parents o Fathers Difference between boy supervision and girl supervision Tend to be more traditional than mothers Tend to spend less time with children than mothers do Tend to spend more time with sons than daughters More rough and tumble play with sons More influential in adoption of traditional gender roles African American More egalitarian o Families without fathers African American Even less traditional All children have closer relationship with mother Boys show more expressive behaviors than in dual parent households no increase in instrumentality Goldberg Kashy Smith 2012 44 lesbian 44 gay 48 hetero couples Preschool aged kids Same gender parented kids were much more similar to each other than different Boys and girls played similarly Heterosexual parented kids were more gender typical with their play Less stereotype in same sex families was even more marked in lesbian than gay Two parents of same gender may facilitate or reinforce less gender typed behavior Even when removed orientation of parents Mothers higher in independence assertiveness self reliance than in two parent female parents Parents play strong role in the behaviors in the parents household o Sibling influence First born correlation to second born Even when control for parental influence Traditional older brother with younger brother Led to more traditional gender values across time with younger brother when older brother had traditional gender beliefs Mixed gender sibling families All roles still need to be done les strong gender Peers and Gender Identity typing Preference fro same sex playmates by 3 years old o Playstyle preference influenced by prenatal androgen exposure Pasterski et al 2011 o Boys rougher more competitive hierarchy away from adults Hormone exposure leads you to like that kind of play therefore you stay with that kind of playmate Peer reactions to gender related behaviors o Already established preference boys resist girls in joining o Girls report they find the style of play in boys groups playgroup unappealing o Parents peers pressure girls to give up tomboy ways o Harsher for boys who fail to conform More likely to be bullied for gender non conforming behavior than girls College age peer influences o Now bully to be more flexible and egalitarian o Men and women decrease in level of traditional attitude