Gender Stereotypes and Hostile Benevolent Sexism Wed Fri Mon Wed Jan 23rd 25th 28th 30th Personality Characteristics Men are Women are o Strong o Aggressive o Good at math o Unemotional o Stubborn o In control of moods o Hard working or lazy o Not nurturing o Self sufficient o Caregivers Nurturing o Moody o Chatty o Dependent o Sympathetic o Needy o Good at writing reading o Dramatic o Bitchy In Current Events Camera angles and depictions of athletes in Olympics Men in synchronized swimming o Bathing beauties Other Coverage o Gymnastics Criticism over female bodies History Current gender stereotypes o 19th century Victorian Era No stains Be respectable Avoid suspicion of contamination Purity Need to be protected cannot protect themselves Do not have sexual impulses o Doctrine of Two Spheres Industrial revolution Leaving farms and working off homestead Plenty of work on farm to go around for everyone Harvesting and planting Men and women have different interest Different spheres of influence Women caregivers of young Men helping women learn and understand Overlap so little o Cult of True Womanhood Implies what makes the perfect woman Pure submissiveness domesticity piety Implies the opposite for men No Sissy Stuff The Big Wheel need power and success status The Sturdy Oak men can take it unemotional Give Em Hell Starting to Move Forward Gender Role Strain Pleck 1981 1995 o Emotional related issues heart strain o Gender roles for men contradictory stressful o Violating gender roles worse consequences for men o Some roles are harmful to men Men restricted from sharing emotions Higher risk for heart disease Masculinity varies with time place o Cannot be true that men are unemotional Socially constructed o Hegemonic masculinity the version that is sanctioned in a particular place time Try This o Go out to eat with someone of the opposite gender one of you order for both order a salad a steak who will the server give which plate Conceptualizing and Measuring Masculinity and Femininity Measurement o Terman s Attitude Interest Analysis Survey Masculine feminine on one dimension Male and Females o Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Mf Scale unidimensional Femininity validated on 13 homosexual men o Bem s Sex Role Inventory Two dimensional approach Can see intersection Gives a way to label people Androgyny Definition o Evaluate self as having a mixture of both sets of characteristics Measuring it o Bem s Sex Role Inventory Instrumental Expressive Undifferentiated Androgynous Most commonly used o Personal Attributes Questionnaire Self report measure Measuring how you evaluate yourself Positive Negative Aspects o Are the positive effects of androgyny due to the measure only measuring positive traits Process and Implications of Stereotyping Can stereotyping have any advantages o Can classify o Children Advantage in being able to process quickly Creates distortions and incorrect generalizations o Disadvantages far outweigh advantages What is the difference between o Stereotype and prejudice Stereotype general belief based on group status Prejudice negative view of general belief based on group status o Prejudice and Discrimination Discrimination behavior in which you treat people differently based on their membership in a group Development of stereotypes o Need to develop gender understanding ideas o Stage 1 Gender Knowledge Labels he vs she age 2 o Stage 2 Own Sex Stereotyping Age 5 o Stage 3 Complex Gender Related Associations Self and other Illusory Correlation belief that things go together when they don t or it isn t that strong o Operates in developing gender stereotypes o Operates in maintaining them Components of Deaux and Lewis Model of Gender Stereotyping Origins of stereotypes and how they perpetuate across time Physical appearance Leads to assumption Traits Behaviors Occupations o Can go other ways as well possibly starting with occupation behavior or trait o Traits confirmatory bias Pink Wearing Scientists o Science It s a Girl Thing Harvard Business Review Public service trying to talk girls into becoming more science o Betz Sekaquaptewa 2012 My Fair Physicist Feminine Math and Science Role Models Demotivate Young Girls o Showed hyperfeminine o Found that the feminine stem role models weakened future plans to study math among these ambivalent girls Middle school age o Reported feeling less math capable and not interested in any o These girls are going to have to succeed in math in high further math school college Benefit from campaigns in peaking interest o Girls who saw feminine role models saw being successful in stem related field as least attainable o Argue against idea that girls connect better with stereotypical feminine women Not deciding factor for pushing women forward Changes in past few decades o More flexibility in women s roles o Opened combat to women o More stability in masculine tradition More stringent for men going outside of gender Stereotyping the Ugly Outcomes stereotypes Discover Magazine Headline 6 23 09 Hidden beliefs in science stereotypes predict size of gender gap across 34 countries Implicit stereotypes don t have access to that o May say you don t care but these are a part of you even if you to hold the explicit the stereotype Hard to assess implicit attitudes o Implicit Association Test o fMRI light up Stereotype threat Exposed to stereotype group and areas of the brain o Feel threatened believe will confirm as example of the negative stereotype poorly Remind women of their gender or status do more o Women and ethnic minorities have performance issues when exposed to this stereotype threat Stereotypes Around the World Similarities o Williams Best 1990 30 different countries more similarities than differences in gender stereotypes o Males are adventurous dominant forceful independent masculine strong o Females are sentimental submissive superstitious Differences o No single gender distinction applies to all cultures o Japan conformity obedience valued for both genders o Their gender stereotyping varies from ours Inaccuracies o Does U S society stereotype less Stereotyping the Ugly Outcomes Hostile vs Benevolent Sexism definitions o Hostile overtly negative behaviors reflected or belief that women are unfit for agentic active competent tasks o Benevolent subjectively positive reflective of women being weaker sex More in need of protection precious treasures Barreto Ellemers 2005 Do we view them as sexism or non sexism Benevolent sexists do