Geography Test 2 review Hydrologic Groundwater Characteristics Ocean Land Atmosphere Surface processes 1 Evaporation 2 Precipitation 3 Infiltration 4 Runoff Transpiration Evapotransipiration Subsurface processes Soil moisture Two Types Gravitational water Soil that is saturated from rain Water that is available Capillary Water H bonds between water molecules H bonds between water and soil Field Capacity Hydroscopic Bonding with individual soil atomic level Wilting point Some capillary water is bound to hygroscopic water on soil particles and is unavailable Groundwater Know saturated zones where groundwater is unsaturated zones soil moisture beneath the surface Surface infiltration 4 Types of Aquifer Systems Saturated Zone 1 Aquifer 2 Rocks 3 Porosity 4 Permeability 2 types of aquifers confined unconfined What they look like difference recharged characteristics Surface Water and Groundwater Connections Losing Gaining streams groundwater is connected to surface water Know what these are how the occur and why they are connected to ground water Below water table groundwater percolates along curved paths and emerges in the nearest stream available Karst Processes and Landforms 1 DFN process and landforms related to the chemical weathering of carbonate such as limestone 2 Solution of LM surface and subsurface 3 Precipitation Carbonate acid 4 Solution an its relationship to Karst landforms creates them Conditions Favoring Karst 1 Certain rock types carbonate rich rx lms 2 Relief causes water to move in the subsurface 3 Rock Fractures 4 Rock Thickness 100 m 5 Aeration exposure to air is necessary for precipitation chemical to occur This is the reverse chemical reaction of a solution it only happens when evaporation occurs 6 Humid Warm Climate High CO2 decays vegetation Rapid reactions Solution only happens in the presence of water Rapid chemical reactions results in humid warm climates having better odds 2 Main Sources 1 Precipitation in an atmosphere is exp 2 Forms of C02 gas making it acidic Karst In Alabama Cumberland Plateau Valley and Ridge Highland Rim Karst Landforms A Surface Features 1 Sinkholes Solution surface to subsurface dissolution a Common in locations that lack soil or non carbonate rocks over LMS 2 Karst Valley o Collapse subsurface to surface dissolution o Valley formed by the overlapping of sinkholes o Rain Water has dissolved away the rock creating a valley 3 Dry Valley Once the sandstone erodes away from the water LMS can come to the surface and creates a dry valley and is taking a subsurface approach 4 Lakes Sinkholes intersecting the water table Sometimes called Blue Holes Cenote They are much bluer due to all the solution that has broken down minerals 5 Swallet Swallow hole Disappearing stream It changes its coarse from a surface path to the subsurface path The entrance is called the swallet B Subsurface Landforms 1 Caves openings in the rick faces that connect the surface to the subsurface 2 Caverns tunnels for subsurface water 3 Cavern Features Evaporation of Water Stalactites chemically precipitated minerals on ceilings of caves and caverns Stalagmites chemical precipitated minerals on ground of caves Columns formed from the connection of stalactite and a stalagmite and caverns valets Karst Landscapes Very common in tropical locations A Haystack Karst mound shape hills that alternate with small narrow Puerto Rico Cuba Central America B Tower Karst sinkholes lowered into medium sized valleys that alternate with towering ridges Indonesia Thailand C Rill Karst Rillenkarn found in highly carbonate rich LMS rocks Surface depressions easily formed by raindrops Croatia Introduction to Fluvial Systems watersheds Water Basics Definition o Water Transport o Sediment Transport o Shaping the landscape Basic components of system System different components that work together to create a whole thing Watershed Area of land that catches precipitation and drains it to a o Drainage divide create borders of watersheds hills and ridges o Importance of runoff o Perennial Ephemeral dendritic flow pattern look up river online Channel o Cross sectional area width of channel X depth of channel o Shape Discharge the amount of water flowing past a certain point in the network a volume and a rate cubic meters per second or cubic feet per second Sediment load Major management issues for water sheds video o Land use change Forest clearance Urbanization Agriculture o Point source pollutants identified Easy to regulate these o Non point source pollutants Chemicals additives etc where the source of it can be Have many different possible sources so the origin cannot be pinpointed Much harder to regulate and control Measuring Cross section Width of bank to bank Bank full stage Stadia Rod Watershed Management Characterizing Discharge Q o Definition Rate and volume of water moving past a point measured in cfs or sms Cfs feet cubed per second Cms meters cubed per second o Calculation Q Width W x Avg Depth D x Velocity V W x Avg Depth can also be seen as Area A Q W x D x V W x D A Stream flow Measurement U S Geological survey National Weather service Rating Curve tool that we use in flood prediction Relates stage of water to discharge o Stage height of water above channel bed Allows discharge of unknown stage to be estimated interpolated Flood Prediction Involves predicting timing amount of discharge Q frequency Flood Recurrence interval o The change that a flood of a particular size will occur in a given year o History of Q at one location Rating curve gauge data o Probability theory future flood risk will be similar to flood risk in the past o Based on frequency of event in the past RI N 1 R N number of years of Q data R rank of flood size Frequency Magnitude o Greater Frequency smaller magnitude o Lesser Frequency larger magnitude o Randomness Flood prediction probabilities o Probability any given year 1 RI Management Issues Why focus on RI instead of flood probabilities Floodplain Maps FEMA Fluvial Processes Latin based word the mean of water I Erosion where the dominant is in the watershed A Sediment sources rivers channels are closest to the hill slopes it s the start 1 Hill slopes Rain impact Over land flow runoff Pinnacles Hoodoo s doesn t allow eroding sediment due to the rain impact of a run on by gravel Hill slope erosion sheet wash stream sediment the comes from hill slopes Rain Impact fine particles of sleet and sand sediment the forms hill slopes due to rain impact causing explosion