Brett Hornung Zach Barr Phil 1001 Janes Exam 1 Study Guide Section 1 18 20 Objective Questions T F MC Fill in the blank Section 2 3 Short Answer Questions from list below 1 The nature of and difference between deductive and inductive arguments how to evaluate deductive arguments 1 Deductive Arguments 2 if sound they establish their conclusions with certainty 1 2 usually move from universal premises to more particular conclusions 3 Ex All humans are mortals Therefore I am mortal Inductive Arguments they establish their conclusions with some degree of probability 1 2 usually move from particular premises to more universal conclusions 3 Ex Socrates was a human and mortal I am a human and mortal Hannah was a human and mortal Therefore all humans are probably mortal 3 Evaluate Deductive Arguments 1 2 The cause nature and conclusion of Socrates investigations 1 Socrates said that he went to the oracle and the oracle told him that he was wise however Socrates did not believe this to be true so he went to find out 2 First he started with the statesmen who he concluded think they know but do not actually know 3 Then he questioned the poets and realized that they don t have knowledge but rather some inspiration not linked to knowledge 4 Finally he questioned the craftsmen and realized that they had some knowl edge but also thought they knew things that they didn t 5 He concluded that he may be the wisest of humans but that really does not mean anything because humans are not wise like the supernatural 6 He believed this because he followed his socratic wisdom to recognize and admit when you don t know something 3 Socrates argument against Meletos charge that he is an athiest 1 Meletos claims that I don t believe in gods 2 Meletos also claims that I believe in new spiritual things 3 Spiritual things presuppose spirits How could there by spiritual things with out spirits 4 Spirits are either gods or they are sons of gods 5 6 7 Either way to believe in spiritual things is to believe in spirits and to believe If spirits are gods then spirits are gods If spirits are children of gods then spirits presuppose gods in spirits is to believe directly or indirectly in gods 8 Therefore if I believe in new spiritual things I believe in gods 9 Therefore Meletos claim that I don t believe in gods contradicts his official claim that I believe in new spiritual things 4 The Argument from Recollection 1 Two parts 1 Part 1 from concepts ideals forms to recollection 2 Part 2 from recollection to the immortality of the soul 2 Argument in a nutshell 1 We have concepts ideals forms that we cannot develop from sense expe rience e g equality we never sense perceive perfectly equal things 2 We must get these concepts prior to any sense experience 3 Since our sense experience begins as soon as we have senses we must get these concepts prior to having our senses 4 Since we receive our senses at birth we must get these concepts prior to 5 We forget these concepts at birth and then recollect them upon having sense experiences of related objects e g equal sticks or equal pens 6 But in order to get these concepts prior to birth the soul must have existed birth prior to birth 7 Therefore the soul exists prior to birth and is immortal 5 Plato on the nature of knowledge including why the body makes attaining it diffi cult and why the senses cant attain it 1 3 ways 1 body distracts us 2 senses mislead us 3 4 the object of knowledge is the essence and essences are not revealed to the senses the body 1 probably mortal 2 filled with particular things that are always changing is human 5 the soul 1 invisible world that is perceived only with reason freed from the senses is filled with universals that never change ideals essences is divine and immortal 6 if the soul has been freed of the body and bodily influence through philo sophical pursuit of knowledge truth and the best state of the soul in this lifetime it will make its way to the invisible world when the body dies 7 but if the hasn t been freed of the body and bodily influence through philo sophical pursuit of knowledge truth and the best state of the soul in this lifetime it will remain tethered to the visible world when the body dies and soon return in material form as an appropriate animal 6 Plato on the nature of and relationship between ideals and particular things 1 Ideals Defining Characteristics 1 exits in the invisible intelligible realm 2 can t be perceived through the senses 3 only the rational part of the soul can relate to them 4 are universal not particular things 5 are unchanging eternal never come to be never cease to be 6 are the essences of things essence that which makes a thing what it is 7 are the objects of knowledge essences are the objects of knowledge ideals are essences therefore ideals are the objects of knowledge 2 Ideals 1 Examples 1 2 3 4 5 6 the beautiful itself ideal of beauty the equal itself the ideal of equality the just itself the ideal of justice the good itself the ideal of goodness the tree itself the ideal of tree the apple itself the idea of apple 3 Particular Things Defining Characteristics 1 exist in the visible sensible dimension 2 are perceived through the senses 3 are particular things not universals 4 are changing finite come to be cease to be 5 are not the objects of knowledge when we know some thing we do not know the particular thing in fact we cant know particular things 6 are the objects of opinion we can have opinion about them 4 Particular Things 1 Examples 1 2 3 4 the equal sticks the just action the tall tree the red apple Ideals Particulars 1 an essence makes a particular thing what it is and ideals are essences 5 therefore ideals make particular things what they are 2 How the particular thing participates in the ideal is in the presence of the ideal shares in the ideal is informed by the ideal 1 2 3 4 5 Ex a tree is a tree because it participates in is in the presence of shares in is informed by the ideal of tree 6 Ex a red apple is a red apple because it participates in is in the pres ence of shares in is informed by the ideal of apple and the ideal of red 3 All particular things that are apples are apples because they participate in one ideal of apple They distinguish themselves by also participating in other ideals of red of yellow of shiny of big of small etc 7 The Allegory of the Cave The Divided Line and their relationship 1 The Divided Line 1 we can know ideals mathematical objects 2 we can not know particular