Chapter 10 Change and Political Development Change an array of processes that are occurring in every contemporary society It changes at different rates in different places Heraclitus change is inevitable everything is in constant flux French saying Plus ca change plus c est la meme chose Newton Kant Darwin change is a good thing Plato Rousseau Freud increased change leads to loss of innocence and goodness It s bad Development Processes through which key characteristics become more pronounced Characteristics of More Developed Human Systems Characteristics of change are usually talked about as modernization which is an unclear term depends on the historical moment Development Organizational behaviors and actions by groups institutions and societies based on specialization interdependency and differentiation of roles and functions Technological use of increasingly and sophisticated artifacts to produce useful goods and services and to control the environment Attitudinal Cognitive affective and evaluative orientations that are dominated by scientific knowledge rationality secular values and individualism The technological dimension is the core driver of economic development Can be measured in GDP Often a priority for the state Organizational and attitudinal are reflected by social indicators such as greater urbanization increased communication education efficiency literacy and social mobility and networks Often called westernization shifts towards secularism individualism and Development is leading to depletion of earth s resources and degradation of the materialism environment The process of development Stage Typologies define how development occurs Traditional and Modern Modern Less Developed and More Developed Mechanical and Organic Marx offered 6 stages primitive communism slavery feudalism capitalism socialist and communist Response to Key Challenges Many do not assume that there are stages but rather key challenges that must be overcome Includes traditional values and modern ones transition from rural to urban transfer of power from traditional elite to modernizing and fit of territory and identity Individual Level Change There is a set of seven qualities that constitute a syndrome of modernity Openness to new experiences and people and behavior Shift in allegiance from individuals in traditional authority to those in modern institutions Confidence in modern technology Desire for social mobility Belief in the value of planning and punctuality Interest in local politics and affairs Interest in news national and international Civil Society Patterns of social interactions Civil Society tolerance of differences in opinions and behaviors social trust willingness to negotiate to avoid violence and a sense of shared identity Culture and Change Culture and change have a connection Dynamics of economic development what should the state to do facilitate development Statism Emphasizes strong actions by the state to manage the system of production and distribution of goods Neoliberalism maximize the economic freedom of firms households and individuals The Developmental State Approach emphasis on private market based system of firms with a state that actively intervenes to promote and protect a country s firms in the global economy State supported export oriented capitalism as in neoliberalism aggressive capitalism is favored with minimal gov t constraint but state has a high profile in the economy taxes spending and regulatory policies encourage savings and investment discourage high levels of domestic consumption Targeting Market Niches state works with firms to identify and produce goods that can be successfully internationally sold Agrarian support Gov t policy strongly supports effeciant domestic food production Dependency approach the late developers face difficult challenges because of their subordination to and dependence on the more developed countries and the transnational institutions they control in the current world There is often a core that consists of large multinational companies and at the bottom of the heap are the periphery who are small villages in developing countries Continuing dependency has been argued to be flawed because internal problems in developing countries are major limitations and cultural factors can sometimes be more crucial that the level of dependence on foreign capital or foreign companies Political Development Characteristics Concentration of power in the state Specialized political structures Political institutionalization Extensive capabilities of the state which is whenever it improves its effectiveness on any of 5 key capabilities Extractive using human and material resources from the environment Regulative controlling individual and group activities Responsive making decisions and policies that react to demands for value allocations Symbolic manipulating images and meaning and distributing nonmaterial rewards and values Processes See figure 10 2 Political Development as Democratization Democratization changes that deepen and consolidate democratic processes Huntington there have been waves of democratization 1820 1920 1945 1962 Economic development 1974 today which includes post soviet countries and the Arab Spring regimes changing norms favoring democracy people power movements and political leadership all are reasons for the shift towards democracy external actors and pressures breakdown of authoritarian World of Changes Political systems must change and adapt with the world Often do in modest ways like Policy change Altering how existing policy is implemented Variations in inputs from the internal or external environments System transformation fundamental change in the nature of the political system or Political Institutionalization the depth of capabilities stability and citizen support the political economy for the existing political system Change can be destabilizing Political decay a significant decline in the capabilities of the political system and its level of political institutionalization and especially in its capacity to maintain order There are several responses to it System cracks down on disorder limiting the rights of people A charismatic leader emerges but may weaken existing structures The military forcibly takes over political power under justification of restoring order A popular uprising typically supported by external actors Eventually if decay is bad enough can lead to a failed state a political system completely loses