Abnormal Psych Review Chapters 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 and 12 Personality Disorders Cluster A Personality Disorders odd or eccentric Paranoid Personality Disorder Excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others Tend not to confide in others and expect others to do them harm Schizoid Personality Disorder Show a pattern of detachment and limited range of emotions Seem aloof cold and indifferent Schizotypal Personality Disorder Typically socially isolated and behave in unusual ways Tend to be suspicious and have odd beliefs about the world Cluster B Personality Disorders dramatic emotional or erratic Antisocial Personality Disorder Perform unacceptable actions and fail to comply with social norms Tend to be irresponsible impulsive and deceitful Criteria focuses on observable behaviors Related concept of psychopathy focuses on personality traits Borderline Personality Disorder Lack stability in their moods and relationships Usually have low self esteem and are at great risk of suicide Histrionic Personality Disorder Tend to be overdramatic and appear to be acting Narcissistic Personality Disorder Think highly of themselves Become upset when critiqued Cluster C Personality Disorders anxious or fearful Avoidant Personality Disorder Extremely sensitive to the opinions of others Fear of rejection causes then to reject the attention of others Dependent Personality Disorder Rely on others to make all of their decisions for them Results in an unreasonable fear of being abandoned Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder Preoccupation with details and things being done the right way Personality Disorders are difficult to treat Key Terms Dialectical Behavior Therapy DBT a promising treatment for borderline personality disorder that involves exposing the client to stressors in a controlled situation Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Clinical Description and Symptoms Characterized by delusions hallucinations disorganized speech and behavior and inappropriate emotion Symptoms Positive Negative Disorganized An excess distortion of normal behavior delusions and hallucinations Involve deficits in normal behavior affect speech and motivation Rambling speech erratic behavior and inappropriate affect Subtypes Paranoid Subtype Prominent delusions and hallucinations Disorganized subtype Tend to show marked disruption in speech and behavior Show flat or inappropriate affect Catatonic Subtype Unusual motor responses ex waxy flexibility Display odd mannerisms with body and face Un differentiated Subtype Do not fit neatly into any of the 3 specific subtypes Residual Subtype Have had at least 1 schizophrenic episode but no longer have major symptoms Related Disorders People who experience the symptoms of schizophrenia for 6 months People who have symptoms of schizophrenia and exhibit the characteristics of People with a persistent belief that is contrary to reality and no other symptoms of schizophrenia People with 1 or more positive symptoms of schizophrenia over the course of Schizophreniform Disorder Schozoaffective Disorder mood disorders Delusional Disorder Brief Psychotic Disorder 1 month Shared Psychotic Disorder Delusions develop as a result of a close relationship with a delusional individual Prevalence and Causes of Schizophrenia Causes include genetic influences neurotransmitter imbalances structural damage to the brain from prenatal or birth and psychological stressors Relapse is triggered by hostile family environments with high expressed emotion Treatment of Schizophrenia Successful treatment rarely includes complete recovery Combining antipsychotic medications with psychosocial approaches employment support and community based and family interventions Effectiveness is limited since it is a chronic disorder Key Terms Hebephrenia silly and immature emotionality Demetia Praecox early label for schizophrenia Associative Splitting separation among basic functions of human personality Avolition an inability to initiate or persist in important activities Algogia a deficiency in the amount or content of speech Anhedonia an inability to experience pleasure Flat Affect an apparently emotionless demeanor Expressed Emotion EE hostility criticism and over involvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder Anxiety Disorders The Complexity of Anxiety Disorders Anxiety is a future oriented state which focuses on the possibility of uncontrollable danger Fear is a present oriented state that provokes a surge in the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system in response to current danger A panic attack represents the alarm response of real fear without actual danger Can be unexpected without warning situationally bound always occurring in a certain situation situationally predisposed likely but unpredictable in specific situation Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD Anxiety focuses on minor everyday events instead of one major worry Drug and psychological treatments may be effective in the long term in the long term drugs may be no more effective than placebos Panic Disorder With and Without Agoraphobia A fear and avoidance of situations considered to be unsafe Anxiety is focused on the next panic attack Both drug and psychological treatments have proven successful Control treatments concentrate on exposing patients to clusters of sensations that remind them of their panic attacks Specific Phobia Fear is focused on a particular object or situation Can be acquired by experiencing a traumatic event learned vicariously or even taught Treatment is straightforward ex systemized desensitization Social Phobia Fear of being around others especially during performances Causes are similar to those of specific phobia Treatment includes rehearsing or role playing socially phobic situations drug treatments have also been effective Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Focuses on avoiding thoughts images of past traumatic experiences Precipitating cause if a traumatic experience and it depends on the intensity of the experience Treatment involves reexposure to the trauma and establishing a sense of safety Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD Focuses on avoiding frightening or repulsive intrusive thoughts obsessions and using ritualistic actions compulsions to neutralize those thoughts Most effective treatment is exposure and ritual prevention ERP Key Terms Behavioral Inhibition System BIS brain circuit in the limbic system that responds to threat signals and causes anxiety Fight Flight