Abnormal Psychology Final Study Guide Chapter 1 disorders DSM 5 Comorbidity time Psychopathology Abnormal Behavior Symptoms and signs of mental disorders The application of psychological science to the study of mental Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Dimensional vs categorical approaches Dimensional Abnormal behavior is constantly changing Categorical do you meet the criteria or not The presence of more than one condition during the same period of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Focus on cognitive behavioral patterns Therapist is directive Assign homework Change behaviors Identify cognitive distortions Psychoanalysis Founder Sigman Freud Defense mechanisms used as a way to prevent or cause abnormal behavior Treatment options centered around dream analysis interpretation free association insight and catharsis Free association reveals aspects of the unconscious mind Biochemical approach involves mental disorders being explained by chemical changes in the body Humanistic approach Likely to focus on lack of emotional genuineness Therapist is nondirective Encourage the client to own her feelings Biopsychosocial model Since each individual case is unique no single model can fully explain the presence of abnormal behavior Systemic approach acknowledges that many different factors contribute to the illness as a whole Diathesis Stress model Examines biological psychological social and cultural factors related to abnormal behavior Chapter 2 Translational research a scientific approach that focuses on communication between basic science and applied clinical research two way street o scientific discoveries must be translated into practical applications 1 basic research cellular molecular level 2 clinical research patient s bedside Random Assignment The procedure of assigning subjects to groups Correlation positive negative A statistical measure of how closely two variables are associated Experiment independent dependent variables A research method in which the investigator varies some factors keeps others constant and measures the effects on randomly assigned subjects Independent Any variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment Dependant A variable that is being measured in an experiment o the cause o The effect Experimental group control group Experimental group Any condition of an experiment in which participants are exposed to an independent variable Control group The condition of an experiment in which participants are not exposed to the independent variable Internal validity External validity the extent that the dependent variable was only caused by the independent variable and not any extraneous variables The extent to which the experiment can be generalized to the population Epidemiology observational experimental focuses on the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders Observational documents the presence of physical or psychological disorders in human populations structured interview format Experimental method in which scientist manipulated exposure to either causal or preventative factors Prevalence point lifetime number of cases of a disorder in a given population at a designated Point Prevalence Number of individuals with a disorder at a time specified period of time Lifetime Prevalence Number of individuals known to have a disorder at some time in their lives Incidence specified period of time Empirically supported treatments number of new cases that emerge in a given population during a treatments that have medical evidence or research to show they work o While the precise definition of what comprises evidence is still debated most researchers consider interventions that have been shown to be effective in randomized controlled trials to be empirically supported Cross Sectional A research design in which participants are assessed once for the specific variable under investigation Longitudinal Design a research design in which participants are assessed at least two times and often more over a certain time interval Cohort a group of people who share a common characteristic and move forward in time as a unit Chapter 3 Purpose of clinical assessment The process of collecting and interpreting information that will be used to understand another person The assessor must adopt a theoretical perspective regarding the nature of the disorder Used for several purposes o Making predictions planning treatments and evaluating treatments o Starts with referral questions developed in the response to the request for help Reliability test retest The consistency of measurements including diagnostic decisions o Inter rater reliability agreement among raters o Test retest reliability test reliability over time with the same subject Validity construct criterion concurrent predictive Refers to the meaning or importance of a measurement is it relevant o Construct measures what it should measure o Criterion correlation with other measures o Concurrent measures given at the same time o Predictive how well does it predict an outcome Clinical interview structured unstructured semi structured Purpose is to gather information and make assessment goals o Structured asking a standard set of questions o Unstructured open ended questions that allow flexibility o Semi structure a question answer format with a specific list of detailed questions MMPI empirical keying Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI Hathaway McKinley 1943 Projective tests Rorschach comprehensive system thematic appreciation test The person is presented with a series of ambiguous stimuli Herman Rorschach 1884 1922 o Rorschach inkblot o Thematic appreciation test picture interpretation technique using a series of provocative yet ambiguous pictures about which the subject is asked to tell a story Each of these tests assert that a person s responses reveal underlying motives concerns and the way they see the social world Diagnosis categorical dimensional Categorical Assumes that distinctions among members of different categories are qualitative o Quality not quantity continuous dimensions Dimensional Describes the objects of classification in terms of o suggests that people with disorder are not qualitatively distinct from people without disorders o Psychiatric illness conceptualized as dimensions of functioning versus discrete clinical conditioning Limitations of classification The boundary between normal and abnormal behavior Clinicians must rely on their own subjective judgment Cutoff points