1Chemographic DiagramsChemographic DiagramsReading:Winter, Chapter 24Chemographic DiagramsChemographic Diagrams• Most common natural rocks contain the major elements: SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, CaO, Na2O, FeO, MgO, MnO and H2O such that C = 9• Three components is the maximum number that we can easily deal with in two dimensions• What is the “right” choice of components? • We turn to the following simplifying methods:1) Simply “ignore” some components–Trace elements–Elements that enter only a single phase (we can drop both the component and the phase without violating the phase rule)–Perfectly mobile componentsRulesRules2) Combine components–Components that substitute for one another in a solid solution: (Fe + Mg)3) Limit the types of rocks to be shown–Only deal with a sub-set of rock types for which a simplified system works4) Use projectionsMore RulesMore RulesThe ACF DiagramThe ACF Diagram• Illustrate metamorphic mineral assemblages in mafic rocks on a simplified 3-C triangular diagram• Concentrate only on the minerals that appeared or disappeared during metamorphism, thus acting as indicators of metamorphic gradeFigure 24-4. After Ehlers and Blatt (1982). Petrology. Freeman. And Miyashiro (1994) Metamorphic Petrology. Oxford.2The ACF DiagramThe ACF Diagram• The three pseudo-components are all calculated on an atomic basis: A = Al2O3+ Fe2O3- Na2O - K2OC = CaO - 3.3 P2O5F = FeO + MgO + MnOThe ACF DiagramThe ACF DiagramA = Al2O3+ Fe2O3-Na2O - K2O Why the subtraction?• Na and K in the average mafic rock are typically combined with Al to produce Kfs and Albite• In the ACF diagram, we are interested only in the other K-bearing metamorphic minerals, and thus only in the amount of Al2O3that occurs in excess of that combined with Na2O and K2O (in albite and K-feldspar)• Since the ratio of Al2O3to Na2O or K2O in feldspars is 1:1, we subtract from Al2O3an amount equivalent to Na2O and K2O in the same 1:1 ratioThe ACF DiagramThe ACF DiagramC = CaO - 3.3 P2O5F = FeO + MgO + MnOThe ACF DiagramThe ACF Diagram• Water is omitted under the assumption that it is perfectly mobile• Note that SiO2is simply ignored– This is equivalent to projecting from quartz• In order for a projected phase diagram to be truly valid, the phase from which it is projected must be present in the mineral assemblages representedBy creating these three pseudo-components, Eskola reduced the number of components in mafic rocks from 8 to 3The ACF DiagramThe ACF Diagram• Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8• A = 1 + 0 - 0 - 0 = 1, C = 1 - 0 = 1, and F = 0• Provisional values sum to 2, so we can normalize to 1.0 by multiplying each value by ½, resulting in A = 0.5C= 0.5F = 0An example:An example:Figure 24-4. After Ehlers and Blatt (1982). Petrology. Freeman. And Miyashiro (1994) Metamorphic Petrology. Oxford.3A typical ACF compatibility diagram, referring to a specific range of P and T (the kyanite zone in the Scottish Highlands)After Turner (1981). Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw Hill.The AKF Diagram• In the AKF diagram, the pseudo-components are:A = Al2O3+ Fe2O3- Na2O - K2O - CaOK = K2OF = FeO + MgO + MnOBecause pelitic sediments are high in AlBecause pelitic sediments are high in Al22OO33and Kand K22O, O, and low in CaO, Eskola proposed a different diagram and low in CaO, Eskola proposed a different diagram that included Kthat included K22O to depict the mineral assemblages O to depict the mineral assemblages that develop in themthat develop in themFigure 24-6.After Ehlers and Blatt (1982). Petrology. Freeman. AKF compatibility diagram (Eskola, 1915) illustrating paragenesis of pelitic hornfelses, Orijärvi region FinlandFigure 24-7. After Eskola (1915) and Turner (1981) Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw Hill.Notice that three of the most common minerals in metapelites andalusite, muscovite, and microcline, all plot as distinct points in the AKF diagramFigure 24-7. After Ehlers and Blatt (1982). Petrology. Freeman. • Andalusite and muscovite plot as the same point in the ACF diagram, and microcline wouldn’t plot at all, making the ACF diagram much less useful for pelitic rocks that are rich in K and AlA + B = C + DThis is called a tieThis is called a tie--line flip, and line flip, and results in new groupings in the results in new groupings in the next metamorphic zonenext metamorphic zoneAt the isogradAbove the isogradBelow the isogradFig. 26-14. From Winter (2001)4Expanded Grt-St-Chl-Bt quadrilateral. a. At the isograd tie-line flip. Composition Y loses Grt and gains St. b. As reaction proceeds, Fe-rich chlorite breaks down and the Chl-Grt-Bt triangle shifts to the right. c. Further shift of the Chl-Grt-Bt triangle. Rocks of composition Y lose chlorite at this grade, and staurolite develops in rocks of composition Z. Winter (2001).TieTie--line Flip: line Flip: