Adolescent Dev Fall11 Dr Dickson Lecture Review Questions Unit 2 Lecture 13 not included 1 How is it that Erikson s stages are both Universal and Culture Specific Universal there are the same 8 stages for everyone Culture Specific values customs goals nurturing styles of each culture will influence how child will confront tasks at each stage 2 What does Erikson mean by crisis psychosocial dilemma you have to figure out a problem at each stage Success failure affects later stage Never completely resolved Active exploration 3 What does Erikson mean when he says that a successful resolution of a crisis is one characterized by balance 4 What happens if a person does not resolve a crisis in a healthy way Failure affects them and carries on to a later stage 5 Know Erikson s first 5 stages 1 Trust vs Mistrust 2 Autonomy vs Shame Doubt 3 Initiative vs Guilt 4 Industry vs Inferiority 5 Identity vs Role Confusion 6 What is an operational definition Definition that includes the specifics how the variable is measured how was that variable measured 7 What does it mean for a measure to be valid Reliable Valid if it measures what it is supposed to ruler valid measure of length not temperature Reliable if it gives constant readings stretchy ruler is not reliable 8 Know Marcia s 4 statuses and recognize examples 1 Diffusion no commitments not in crisis if something better came along I d change it really doesn t bother me that much I don t care 2 Foreclosure committed to identity but never explored options Usually taken on values of someone else parents it s what I ve always wanted to do The folks are happy with it and so am I 3 Moratorium no firm commitment open to the idea of changing their mind Currently in crisis 4 Achievement made commitments previously experienced moratorium Adolescent Dev Fall11 Dr Dickson 9 What are the possible developmental pathways of identity statuses Where can t you go after having gone through moratorium and or achievement You can t go back to diffusion after going through moratorium 10 What does intersex mean A variety of conditions that lead to atypical not representative of a type development of physical sex characteristics 11 What is AIS how does it develop and what does it tell about the idea that there are 2 sexes Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome androgen receptor gene on X malfunctions which makes body cells insensitive to androgens Testosterone has no effect genital ridge develops as female and testicles remain internal Labeled female at birth with no sign of disorder During puberty testosterone production increases but estrogen increases too First sign of a problem no period Person has testicles and testosterone but also vagina and estrogen 12 What are the characteristics of an alpha male cichlid fish Brightly colored working gonads more testosterone territorial aggressive under constant threat 13 How does a male get to be an alpha male Non dominant male will fight for alpha male status 14 What is the order of events after a subordinate fish wins a fight with an alpha male Change in social statues Structural changes in brain Changes in testosterone levels Body and behavior changes 15 What does the cichlid fish have to do with our understanding of the determinants of sex maleness and femaleness Shows the interaction between genes and environment 16 How is gender different than sex Gender Sociocultural and psychological dimensions of being male and female Sex presence of penis or vagina 17 What are baby X studies and what do they tell us about gender roles and gender typing Videos of crying babies anger in boys fear in girls 18 Know the difference between the cognitive developmental theory of gender typing and the gender schema theory Adolescent Dev Fall11 Dr Dickson Cognitive developmental theory first the child learns the correct label for self then chooses toys activities etc that are appropriate with that gender Gender schema theory first create schemas for what is appropriate for boys vs girls then those schemas influence how we perceive our world child becomes motivated in ways consistent with schemas 19 How does the cognitive developmental theory stand up to research 20 What is stereotype threat Anxiety that your performance might confirm a negative stereotype about your group 21 What are some ways to reduce its influence Make gender less salient during testing teach more about the ways boys and girls are SIMILAR and explain the stereotype threat 22 How might biology play a role in the gender differences seen in spatial rotation abilities Connection to differences in the brain males are greater surface area in the parietal lobe associated with spatial rotation abilities 23 How did Feng Spence Pratt attempt to test the possibility that environment experience may play a role in spatial rotation abilities Did an experiment with action video games 24 What were the results of their experiment Differences between males and females were eliminated and remained small Females scores increased more than boys which evened the boy girl group out since boys were ahead to begin with Gender differences in spatial ability is NURTURE 25 How can we use Scarr s Evocative rGE to explain how both heredity and environment are involved in the development of spatial rotation abilities Child behaves in ways consistent with his her own heredity evoking a response from others creating an environment which in turn strengthens child s original response 26 How about Scarr s Active rGE Individual has genetic tendencies and chooses environments that complement these genetic tendencies 27 What are some of the reasons conducting research on adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviors is especially difficult Access terminology truthfulness of answers question of validity correlational 28 What does social desirability have to do with validity Adolescent Dev Fall11 Dr Dickson 29 What were the major variables in the Armour Haynie study Age of sexual debut timing relative to peers of sexual debut and delinquency 30 How were they measured Self report of sexual activity and self report of delinquent behavior 31 What was their major finding Sexual debut is associated with delinquency 32 What did they conclude from their findings Early relative to peers sexual debut higher risk of delinquency Late relative to peers sexual debut least likely to participate in delinquency 33 What criticism did Harden et al make regarding the Armour Haynie study Correlation does not equal causation early sex could