Start of Quiz 3 Material Juvenile Boot Camps labor Modeled after adult military boot camps Consists of a military style environment with physical exercise and some hard Juveniles spend between 4 to 6 months in a boot camp Meta analyses have shown that boot camp programs typically result in a zero decrease in the rate of juvenile re offending Recently Evaluated Juvenile Justice Programs Prevention Programs Community Based Programs Institutional Setting Programs Primary prevention programs try to reduce the risk of smoking drug use and teen pregnancy Secondary prevention programs target at risk youth for delinquency and violence Programs that help divert youth away from engaging in juvenile delinquency by focusing on family and school interactions Juvenile programs administered in an institutional setting that is tailored to each juvenile s needs Promising Prevention Programs Identi es young poor rst time mothers early in their pregnancy Nurses help with nutrition transportation and provide child care for the rst two years after birth Evaluations report positive results across several sites in more than 200 U S counties and several countries Olds Nurse Home Visitation Program Bully Prevention Program The School Transitional Environmental Program STEP Program involves both teachers and students in setting clear rules against bullying Evaluations have found that after two years treated schools report a 50 percent decline in bullying behavior Aims to reduce school disorganization and increase teacher support to troubled youth Speci cally targets at risk students with behavioral problems Identi ed at risk students are grouped into homerooms where teachers take on the role of guidance counselor as well as instructor Promising Community Based Interventions Targets youth age 11 18 facing issues with frequent delinquent involvement and violent behavior Aims to improve family communication skills emotional attachment and parent s ability to set limits for their children Family based programs delivered by Master level counselors degrees in sociology or social work Typically provide in home counseling to families for fty hours and 24 7 crisis intervention for over four months Counselors deliver services aimed to help parents deal with de ant youth Functional Family Therapy Multisystematic Therapy MST Intensive Protective Supervision IPS Program that targets less violent status offenders IPS youth are closely monitored by counselors who extensively interact with youth and their family These counselors usually have smaller caseloads in order to spend additional time with each client Promising Institutional Setting Programs Intimate counseling sessions designed to address serious child or adolescent emotional and behavioral problems Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT Family Integrated Transitions FIT Addresses dynamic risk factors e g substance abuse mental health problems transitioning back into society Originated in the state of Washington Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care MTFC Youth are placed in facilities where caregivers have been trained to offer behavioral management strategies as well as a therapeutic household environment The Need for Juvenile Justice Programs Reduce the rate of juvenile delinquency Prevent youth from one day having contact with the criminal justice system Theories Behind Many Juvenile Justice Programs Youth initiate the behavior of others especially when such behaviors are given a positive de nition and reinforced Self control predicts all crime and delinquency Self control is created by effective parenting before the age of 8 or 10 Social Learning Theory Akers 1979 Self Control Theory Gottfredson Hirschi 1990 Differential Association Theory Sutherland 1940 Deterrence Theory Youth will engage in delinquency when they hang around peers who commit delinquency The harsher the punishment the less likely they will commit the crime Implementation of Juvenile Justice Programs Work with juveniles on a case by case basis to address individual needs more effectively Involve trained counselors to work with the youth and their family Make sure programs are administered for extended periods of time based on client progress and evaluation Outcome and Impact Evaluations of Juvenile Justice Programs Evaluations show positive results for programs that are tailored to address speci c juvenile needs Effective programs often work when both the youth and their family work to address behavioral problems Importantly none of the criminological theories alone which many programs are based on has received considerable support Instead it is most likely the case that life course developmental theory best explains the development of juvenile delinquency Cost Ef ciency of Juvenile Justice Programs Although some programs may be quite expensive the bene t outweighs the cost Evaluation research suggests that juvenile prevention intervention programs can save taxpayers thousands of dollars by decreasing the future inmate population Thus the bene ts outweigh the costs Private vs Public Prisons Mass incarceration beginning in the 1980s that was a result of sentencing reform Placed strain on the prison system to house the increasing number on inmates during this time The private prison population in the U S has grown from 87 369 to 129 336 from 2000 to 2009 Department of Justice In 1983 Corrections Corporation of America CCA opened its rst prison in Texas Today private prisons facilities can be found in almost every state What has caused the increase in private prison construction Since the 1980s private prison companies have spent millions of dollars lobbying each year to make sure inmate populations stay high beds are full Group have contributed GEO Group has spent between 120 000 to 199 992 in Florida alone Private prisons have begun to contract with Immigration and Customs Enforcement ICE In 2012 CCA brought in 444 9 million in federal contracts to house illegal immigrants 835 514 to federal political candidates Over 6 Million to state politicians It is estimated that the Corrections Corporation of America CCA and GEO 296 9 million came from contracts with ICE Needs for Private Prisons House the increasing amount of offenders entering prison Save taxpayer money by relying on private companies to house offenders at the state and federal level Theory for Private Prisons Rational choice theory Deterrence theory Private prisons are a better option because there is more of a nancial bene t than cost