Example of a Cell Structure and Function Exam:I. Identify the exact function for four (4) the following molecules (4 points each):oxygen evolving complex-complex of proteins that splits H2O and transfer electrons to P680 chlorophyllO2 evolving complex - breaks down H2O molecules and uses the electron to replenish those lost by P680cytochrom C - cargo ship for electron between complex III and IV in the ETCmitochondrial porin-outer membrane protein that is freely permeable to molecules smaller 5-10,000 MW. peptidyl transferase - facilitates the binding of amino acids during polypep-tide formationFO/F1 complex-protein in the inner membrane that forms a channel for proton movement and uses that energy to generate ATP. P680 chlorophyll a –pigment in the reaction center of PSII that releases electrons when stimulated by energy harvested from light by the light harvesting complex.RUBISCO-Catalyzes the CO2 fixation reaction that initiates the Calvin-Benson cycleII. Identify the exact location in the cell where the following processes occur (“location” means physical site, such as the inner membrane of the chloroplast) (4 points each)CO2 production during glucose breakdown O2 production during photosynthesis Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA ______ NADPH synthesis Mitochondrial MatrixMitochondrial MatrixThylakoid LumenGTP production during glucose metabolism FADH2 production III. In order to integrate its various activities the cell has devised ways to link various pro-cesses that occur at different locations or at different times. In our study of mitochondriaand chloroplasts we have already encountered several cellular “linkers”. Identify the molecule or molecules that connect the following pairs of processes (4 points each)glycolysis and the TCA cycle light dependent and light independent reactions TCA cycle and the electron transport system photosystems II and I IV. Answer 6 of the following questions within the space provided (6 points each)You have determined the complete amino acid sequence of glycophorin from alligator red blood cells. While studying this sequence, you notice that there is a stretch of 23 hy-drophobic amino acids. You draw a sketch of how you think this protein is oriented in the plasma membrane alligator red blood cells. Where would you place the odd 23-amino acid sequence? The lipids that make up cellular membranes, primarily phospholipids and cholesterol, are amphipathic compounds. How is this property related to the organization of membranes as lipid bilayers?These compounds are of part hydrophobic and part hydrophilic. Because of these intrinsic properties they can spontaneously arrange into a closed bilayer in aqueous environments. Mitochondrial Matrix or Matrix side of inner membraneMitochondrial MatrixChloroplast StromaPyruvateNADPH & ATPNADH & FADH2PlastocyaninN-terminal extracellular; C-terminal cytoplasmic. The 23 hydrophobic residues is a membrane-spanning domain. It anchors the protein into the plasma membrane.Give specific examples that illustrate each of the three major functions of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion?1) Transport; pyruvate, ADP:Pi, malate, etc..2) Electron Transport System (proton pump) : ETS (or any of its complexes)3) ATP Production : F0/F1Yeast are among a select group of organisms known as facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive under aerobic and anaerobic conditions carrying out all energy re-quiring activities equally well in the presence and absence of oxygen. These cells can survive using glucose as their sole nutrient. Many years ago it was discovered that yeast grown under anaerobic conditions consume far more glucose per minute than the same quantity of yeast grown aerobically. Explain this phenomenon, known as the Pasteur ef-fect?Yeast produce far more ATP/glucose mo;lecule under aerobic conditions than in the absence of O2. Therefore, under anaerobicconditions the cells must breakdown far more glucose to producethe same amount of ATP. The Na+/K+ ATPase does not interact directly with glucose but is required for the effi-cient transport of dietary glucose into the bloodstream by intestinal epithelial cells. Whatis the role of the Na+/K+ ATPase in this process?The Na+/K+ ATPase must maintain the gradient of Na+ required byNa+/glucose pump. It does this by pumping out cytosolic Na+ intothe bloodstream thereby lowering the effective concentration of Na+ in the cytosol, allowing glucose to enter the cell from the in-testinal lumen via the mechanics of the Na+/glucose co-transport system. (Fig. 7-27, for more info) Explain why the regeneration of cytoplasmic NAD is important?There is a limited supply of NAD available in the cytosol however is required for a key reaction in glycolysis. Without such a regen-eration of NAD, no net ATP would be generated from glucose breakdown. The formation of a peptide bond between the first two amino acids in a forming polypep-tide establishes an important chemical asymmetry in the primary structure that persists even after the construction of the entire polypeptide is completed. Explain?Peptidyl transferase hydrolyzes the carboxyl group (COOH) of thefirst amino acid in the polypeptide with the “amino group (NH2)” of each attaching amino acid thereafter. This establishes a N-ter-minal firstly, and a C-terminal lastly for which persists even after the polypeptide is completed. V.Answer one of the following two questions. (8 points) You have learned to isolate chloroplasts and discover that when you place them in a solution containing NADP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate and expose them to sunlight you are able to detect ATP production. You decide to do an experiment in which you ex-pose one batch of chloroplasts to blue light at 450 nm and an identical batch to red light at 650 nm. Recalling that the energy of a photon is inversely related to its wavelength, you expect that blue light will yield greater ATP production that red. However, to yoursurprise you discover that the amount of ATP produced is identical under both lighting conditions. Explain?The light harvesting complex of PSII absorbs both red and blue light and funnels the energy to a wave length equivalent of 680nm that stimulates P680.Once those electrons are released they flow trough the photosys-tems resulting