Chapter6A. FourthingsALLcellshaveincommonA. CellmembraneB. DNAC. CytoplasmD. Ribosomes!B. DifferencebetweenprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellsA. ProkaryoticcellsaresimplecellswithnonucleusandEukaryoticcellshaveanucleusandaremorecomplicated(andlarger).PlantscellsandanimalcellsaregenerallyEukaryotic,andbacteriaare!E. ComponentsoftheEndomembranesystemA. NuclearEnvelopeB. EndoplasmicreticulumC. GolgiapparatusD. LysosomesvacuolesE. Plasmamembrane!F. CelljunctionsA. TIGHTJUNCTIONS,GAPJUNCTIONS,andDEMOSOMESlinkcellsinanimals.B. Tightjunctionsareconnectionsbetweencellsthatarenotreallyconnections.Theyprovideasealsothatfluidsfromonedon'texitandgointotheother.Thesearefoundinstomachcells.It'dbebadifthestomachacidsleakedandwentintooursmallintestines,sotheliningofthestomachhavecellswithstatedjunctionsthatpreventleaking.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!McGinn 2C. Gapjunctionsperformtheopposite.Theyareusedtotransportratherlargematerialsfromonecelltoanotherwithouthavingtoworryaboutitgettingpastthecellmembraneandotherprotectivelayers.D. Desmosesjunctionsnotonlyholdcellstogetherbutprovidetissueswithstructuralcohesion.Thesejunctionsaremostabundantintissuesthataresubjecttoconstantmechanicalstresssuchasskinandheart.A. PLASMODESMATAJUNCTIONSlinkcellsinplantsA. Plasmodesmataarepresentinplantcells,whichhavestrongresistantcellwallscomposedofcellulose.Becauseofthesewalls,evenadjacentplantcellsareunabletocommunicatewitheachother.Plasmodesmataserveasachannelfromonetotheother,actingasaformofcommunication.G. FunctionandgeneralstructureoftheorganellesandtheircomponentsFUNCTIONNUCLEIC ENVELOPEThe nuclear envelope is a double membrane layer that surrounds the cell. It is dotted with thousands of nuclear pores, which allows material to move into and out of the nucleus. The nucleus can send a stream of RNA and other info-carrying molecules to the rest of the cell through nuclear pores.RIBOSOMESRibosomes are non-membrane-bounded particles where protein synthesis occurs. The number of ribosomes in a cell varies depending on its functions. For example, pancreatic cells and those of other glands have many ribosomes because they produce secretions that contain proteins.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!McGinn 3SMOOTH ERLipid Synthesis; carbohydrate metabolism in liver cells; detoxification in liver cells; calcium ion storage. (Found a lot in synthesis of steroids)ROUGH ERSynthesis of membrane proteins, secretory proteins, and hydrolytic enzymes; formation of transport vesicles.!Has Ribosomes stuck on it causing it be rough.GOLGI APPARATUS!(SHIPPING AND RECEIVING CENTER)Stacked Membrane and Vessels that package proteins produced at rough ER. Puts labels on proteins to be shipped out of the cell.VESICLESSimilar to lysosomes, eat stuff in the cellLYSOMESDigestive compartment (a membrane sac of hydrolytic enzymes)MITOCHONDRIAOval Organelles with a membrane that folds called cristac that produces ATP through the Krebs cycle and Oxidative phosphorylationCHLOROPLASTAs well as conducting#photosynthesis, they carry out almost all#fatty acid synthesis#in plants, and are involved in a plant's#immune response (a stack of thylakoids are a Granum)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!McGinn 4H. Flagellaandcilia-A. StructureA. Acentralbundleofmicrotubules,calledtheaxoneme,inwhichnineouterdoubletmicrotubulessurroundacentralpairofsingletmicrotubulesB. MovementA. ItmovesbythebasalmembraneanchoringintotheloosemembranesunderneathJ. Centrioles‒Centriolesaresmall,cylindricalstructuresthatlieoutsidethenucleus.Duringmitosis,thecentriolesreplicateandproducethespindlefibersthatattachtoandmovethechromosomesduringcelldivision.!!!!!!VACUOLESa membrane-bound, liquid filled spaces that store food, extra water and waste. In addition to storage, they also perform function of digestion and waste removal.PLASMA MEMBRANEThe#plasma membrane#surrounds the outside of both#Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells. It is made up of a double layer of phospholipids and controls the movement of various substances into and out of the cell, both passively and actively. It also allows cell identification.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!McGinn 5K. ExtracellularstructuresA. CellwallsinplantcellsA. Apresentcellwallformedbycellulosewithafixedrectangularshape!A. ECMinanimalcells(extracellularmembrane)A. Providesstructuralsupporttotheanimalcellsinadditiontoperformingvariousotherimportantfunctions.TheextracellularmatrixisthedefiningfeatureofconnectivetissueinanimalL. Cytoskeletoncomponents-microtubules,microfilaments(rememberitsothername)andintermediatefilamentsStructureFunctionMotor proteinMicrotubuelsMade of tubulum. - Maintains cell wall.! - Chromosome separation.! - Organelle movement.DyneinMicrofilamentMade of actin - Net like structure maintaining cell shape. ! - Contracting muscles. ! - Pseudopodia. ! - Ectoplasmic streaming (squeezing & contracting). Myosin!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!McGinn 6!Chapter7!A. MaincomponentsofPLASMAMEMBRANEA. GlucoseB. ProteinC. PolysaccharidesD. PhospholipidsE. ChromatinF. !B. RoleofCHOLESTEROLintheplasmamembraneA.