Reproductive System Male Anatomy Testes Scrotum Epididymis Ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra Penis Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Testes Tubules Lobules Seminiferous tubules Tubulus rectus Rete testis Efferent ductules Epididymis Histological Composition Seminiferous tubules site of sperm production Interstitial cells Testicular Blood Flow Supplied by testicular arteries Pass through pampiniform plexus Drained by testicular veins Scrotum Sac like structure composed of skin and superficial fascia Testes separated into compartments Allows maintenance of optimal temperature Via dartos at floor bottom and cremaster muscles throughout Penis Specialized copulatory organ Glans covered with prepuce flap of skin usually removed by circumcision brought about because of either 1 hygiene 2 in victorian age because too stimulating to women Anatomy Joke of the Day Erectile Tissue Corpus spongiosum Corpora cavernosa 2 bodies surrounds urethra Both spongy network of connective tissue smooth muscle and vascular space Accessory Ducts Epididymis storage of sperm Ductus vas deferens first place sperm goes after epididymis Accessory Ducts Epididymis Ductus vas deferens Ejaculatory duct connected to common urethra Accessory Ducts Epididymis Ductus vas deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra extends length of penus and carries sperm to reproduction site carries urine and reproductive fluids Accessory Glands Seminal vesicles paired structures that secrete an alkaline fluid does this so it can destroy bacteria women s tract is acidic to this protects sperm doesn t do a great job because most sperm die Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Male Reproductive Physiology Erection Sexual arousal causes parasympathetic reflex to release nitric oxide at near penis NO causes arteriole dilation Erectile bodies fill with blood Corpora cavernosa expands compressing drainage veins so that blood in penis cannot move back out corpus spongiosum keeps urethra open when corpora cavernosa expands Bulbourethral glands also stimulated Male Reproductive Physiology Ejaculation Continued stimulation provokes massive sympathetic nerve discharge Reproductive ducts and accessory glands contract pushing contents into urethra Bladder sphincter muscle constricts Muscles of penis undergo rapid series of contractions Semen propelled from penis Spermatogenesis sperm production Diploid spermatogonia undergo mitosis to produce type A and B daughter cells Type B cells are primary spermatocytes Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to become spermatids Spermiogenesis modification of gametes Spermatid decreases cytoplasmic volume and forms a tail and has a tremendous amount of mitochondria when sperm are released they coagulate near cervix so sperm on outside protect those on inside Finished product known as spermatozoon Sustentacular Cells Protect developing spermatocyes from immune system Blood testis barrier Nourish dividing cells Move cells to lumen Secrete testicular fluid Functions as transport medium in lumen Dispose of eliminated cytoplasm Regulate spermatogenesis Hormonal Regulation Hypothalamus releases GnRH GnRH stimulates release of pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH Role of FSH FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to release androgen binding protein ABP ABP causes spermatogonia to accumulate testosterone Role of LH LH causes interstitial cells to secrete testosterone which binds with ABPs Also small amount of estrogen Role of Testosterone Stimulates spermatogenesis Inhibits GnRH Inhibits gonadotropin release FSH and LH Has anabolic effects on accessory reproductive organs Promotes male secondary sex characteristics Hair deep voice dense bones and muscle strength Boosts BMR Influence behavior increased sex drive greater aggressive response Role of Inhibin Produced by Sertoli cells when sperm count is high Inhibits release of FSH and GnRH Female Anatomy Ovaries produces gametes Oviducts Uterus Vagina External genitalia Mammary glands Ovaries Gametes formed in cortex outer edge Gametes exist as ovarian follicles Oocyte plus follicular one cell or granulosar cells more than one cell Ovarian Follicles Primordial follicle surrounded by single layer Ovarian Follicles Primordial follicle Primary follicle Ovarian Follicles Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle Ovarian Follicles Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle Graafian follicle Ovarian Follicles Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle Graafian follicle Ovulation Ovarian Follicles Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle Graafian follicle Ovulation Corpus luteum glandular structure within ovary follicle that has busted Oviducts Ovulated oocyte released into peritoneal cavity Ciliated fimbriae sweep oocyte into oviduct Through infundibulum past ampulla into isthmus Ultimately transported to uterus Uterus Thick walled pear shaped muscular organ that receives unfertilized ovum retains and nourishes fertilized ovum Consists of Body Fundus Cervix Internal os External os Uterine Wall Layers Endometrium Strata Stratum functionalis build and increases due to hormonal behavior Stratum basalis forms functionalis Vagina Female organ of copulation Birth canal Acidic environment Hymen External Genitalia Vulva Mon pubis Labia majora Labia minora Greater vestibular glands Clitoris Perineum Anatomy Joke of the Day Mammary Glands Produce milk to nourish newborn Lobes Lobules Alveoli Lactiferous ducts Lactiferous sinus Nipple Aroela Oogenesis Pre puberty Diploid oogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes diploid structure Incorporate follicular cells to become primordial follicles Primary oocytes start but do not complete meiosis I Arrested at prophase I Oogenesis Post puberty Meiosis I completes and produces the first polar body and a secondary oocyte First polar body undergoes meiosis II and produces two polar bodies Secondary oocyte begins meiosis II but arrests at metaphase II Secondary oocyte is ovulated Oogenesis Post ovulation If fertilization Secondary oocyte completes meiosis II Produces ovum and polar body If no fertilization Secondary oocyte degenerates Ovarian Cycle Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Follicular Phase Primordial follicle becomes primary follicle Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle Follicular Phase Primordial follicle becomes primary follicle Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle Theca