ASH Terms Part 2 Fall of Baghdad 1258 Mongols invade Hulegu Khan Mamluks based in Cairo Introduced b c sultan didn t trust his noble members End b c shift from ability to favoritism High taxes turned people against them Qutuz Mamluk commander at Ayn Jalut murdered by Baybars Battle of Ayn Jalut 1260 victory for Mamlucks Loss for Mongols Qutuz mamluk commander Baybars 1260 1277 consolidated control over Levant Alliances w Aragon Russia Italy Conomically controlled trade routes controlled pilgrimage route Controlled trade routes Il Khanids Persia Hulegu Hulegu Baghdad and Battle of Ayn Jalut Il Khanids founded by Hulegu became persianized religiously tolerant Sufi thought poetry flourishes Imposed legal NOT cultural authority Poets Rumi Hafiz sufi thought poetry in Il Khanids Mughal Empire aka Mogul India Mustlim Dynasty but not in M E gunpowder empire Gunpowder Empires Ottomans Safavids Mughals Orientalism BEYOND M E Ottoman Empire controls Balkans N Af Regions of Europe Janissary Crop slave soldiers but got salary and retirement Could rise to be powerful figures Good opportunity for Christian families to get children in powerful position Converted to islam Free sultan of influence of feudal nobles around him Eventually outlawed b c of their children loss of loyalty toward sultan Different from ghazi very first standing armies in Muslim world Harem forbidden b c its special Forbidden to outsiders for women of empire Political dealings by powerful women marriages arranged Istanbul 1930 s name change from Constantinople Bosporus Straits connecting the black Sea and the Sea of Marmara Chain blocking Golden Horn to get into Constantinople The Golden Horn inlet of Bosporus near Istanbul Kosovo site of 1389 Ottoman victory of Serbia 4 Bases of Ottoman Power Military Ghazi warriors religious sufi Ottoman alliance political sultan economic conquering reroute Osman first Ottoman sultan 1280 1326 Bayezid I 1389 1402 son of Ottoman Leader Murad I defeated Christian serbs at Kosovo Mehmet II ottoman sultan 1452 1481 conqueror of Constantinople Suleiman I Magnificent Ottoman Sultan 1520 1566 The Lawgiver Ottomans more than double terrain Engage pirates Selim I The Grim Ottoman Sultan 1512 1520 conquered Syria Egypt and Hijaz 1512 battle of Chalderon 1514 battle of Marj Dabiq Devshirme ottomans go into christianareas and select young boys to be slave soldiers Similar to Mamluks Hagia Sophia built by Sinan Building programs under Suleiman I Sinan built Hagia Sophia architect Kuliyes Millet System Nation Confessional communities Self governed Muslim courts rule interreligious cases Kuliyes mosque complex includes school Dragoman Power greeks translator First consuls Capitulations 1536 under Suleiman Agreements b t sultan and European powers to conduct business trade and not be subject to ottoman laws Monopolies French first agreement given more rights than people in ottoman empire French granted right to sale in ottoman waters sell products in empire special advantages no tax to sell 1569 not forced Muslim law could only apply to muslims Misuse discriminated against muslim merchants Unilateral non reciprocal Native craft industries destroyed by European goods Cover for missionaries to convert muslims to Christianity Nationalism through Balkans Kizilbash equivalent of Ghazi warriors Redhead headgear Safavid started Sufi path tarika Empire 1502 1736 2 major kings Ismail I Abbas I Shah ismail 1494 1524 Aligned w sufi then shi a claimed to be Mahdi Fearlessness in combat unite Persian and Turkish Embrace shi a version of Islam Groundwork for future of govt founder of dynasty Battle of Marv 1510 safavid dynasty victory over Khorasan Shah Abbas I 1587 1629 Came to power at 16 yrs Challenges authority physical boundaries military admin external Threats Ghulam system male slave usually military or administrative especially in safavid empire Isfahan city in central iran and safavid capital 1597 1736 Mujtahids learned muslim who interprets the sharia especially in Shiite jurisprudence Nader Shah 1736 1747 Napoleon of Persia 2nd Alexander Drove out afghans Deposed last members of safavid dynasty Shift away from shiism Assassinated 1747 empire collaspses The Eastern Question what to do w territories fallen off of ottoman empire Pan Slavism defenders of other Slavic groups Treaty of San Stefano 1878 brought Russians close to Istanbul increases presence of Russians in region Great powers upset france GB Treaty of Berlin 1878 congress of berlin dividing Africa take some power away from Russia given after san stephano saves ottoman empire from complete destruction 3 Obstacles Reasons for Decline lack of educated population devshirme system broke down power of nobles increasing Selim III 1789 1807 Response to obstacles New regime military education diplomacy Mahmud II ottoman sultan 1808 1839 Reforms Response New regime pt 2 education civil bureaucracy clothing reform result hatti sherif of gulhane Nizam al Jadid New Regime Auspicious Event Janissaries attack sultan Tanzimat principles of reform Vilayet state Abdulmejid I 1839 1861 carried out principles of Hatti Sherif of Gulhane Inspired by French revolution Centralization encouraged ottomanism Eliminated Millet system Wanted to appease Europeans to keep them out of ottoman affairs Promised full legal equality to citizens of all religions by 1858 homosexuality decriminalized Abdulhamid II 1876 1909 curle and reactionary emphasized pan islam rather than ottomanism Hatti Sherif of Gulhane 1839 noble rescript of rose garden 1856 Hatti i Humayne all ottoman subjects to enjoy equal rights Tanzimat Reforms introduction of first ottoman paper banknotes opening of first post office adoption of an ottoman national anthem first nationwide ottoman census Abolition of jizya tax on non muslims 1876 Constitution in effect 2 yrs dissolved it and ruled as a dictator for 30 yrs J Curve Theory of Revolution explain the rules of revolutionary movements in terms of rising individual expectations and falling levels of perceived well being Young Turk Revolution 1909 group of Turkish nationalists who took control of the ottoman government in 1908 restored its constitution and instituted westernizing reforms their main organization was the committee of union and progress CUP Napoleon in Egypt 1789 1801 3 reasons protect French trade interests undermind britain s india access est scientific enterprises Rosetta Stone An inscribed stone found near Rosetta on the western mouth of the