Chapter 1 Abnormal behavior bizarre behavior 1 2 3 Individual experience of personal distress Statistical norms how rare it is in a general population Harmful dysfunction inability of internal mechanism to perform its natural func tion Psychopathology pathology of the mind the symptoms and signs of mental disorders including suck phenomena as depressed mood panic attacks and bizarre beliefs Chapter 2 Biochemical paradigm looks for biological abnormalities that might cause abnormal be havior need to teach them how to act and change not just give them antidepressants Psychodynamic paradigm abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious mental conflicts that have roots in early childhood focus on defensive style develop the clients insight expect changes as a result of increased emotional awareness Cognitive Behavioral paradigm views behavior as a product of learning can overlook social and biological context of human behavior Operant conditioning asserts that learned behavior is a function of its consequences therapist is directive change behav iors focus on cognitive behavior patterns Humanistic paradigm Humanistic psychology opposes the biological psychoanalytic and behavioral explanations emphasizes free will views human nature as inherently good and posits a natural movement towards self actualization therapist is nondirective encourage the client to own her feelings Chapter 3 Psychotherapy the use of psychological techniques and the therapist client relationship to produce emotional cognitive and behavior change Evidence based treatments The practical and scientific approach to therapy Biological treatments 1 ECT electroconvulsive therapy causes seizures by passing electicity to the brain bilateral ECT more effective more memory loss 2 3 Psychosurgery surgical destruction to certain regions in the brain Psychopharmacology use of medications to treat psychological disturbances psy chotropic medications 11 women and 5 men are taking antidepressants Cognitive behavioral therapy encourages collaborative therapist client relationships fo cuses on the present direct efforts to change problems a Systematic Desensitization developed by Wolpe to treat Phobias relaxation training construction of hierarchy of fears Gradually pairing the feared stimulus in imagination with relaxation Effective for fears and phobias but unclear exactly why may be factors other than counterconditioning removal of reinforcement for avoidance extinction of the fear increased self efficacy support from therapist are other possibilities the learning process b Aversion therapy use of classical conditioning to create not eliminate an un pleasant response used in treating substances Creates rather than eliminates an un pleasant response e g nausea to an undesirable behavior e g smoking c Social skills training teaches clients new ways of behaving that are both desir able and likely to be rewarded in everyday life qualitative 3 Diagnosis 1 2 Chapter 4 Classification systems DSM used to subdivide or organize a set of objects Classification 1 Categorical assumes distinctions amount members of different categories are 2 Dimensional describes objects of classification in terms of continuous dimen sions how much of a characteristic that object exhibits Also consider culture bound syndromes Identification or recognition of a disorder on the basis of its characteristics Enables the clinician to refer to the base of knowledge that as accumulated with regard to the disorder Assigning a diagnosis does not mean the etiology is known 3 Multi axial classifications Axes I V I clinical syndrome such as a mood anxiety or learning disorder present II is a personality disorder or mental retardation present III is a general medical condition such as a heart disease diabetes or cancer present IV are social or environmental problems such as homelessness divorce school prob lems or other stressors present V What is the global assessment of this persons functioning ranging from persistent danger of hurting ones self to superior functioning in a wide range of activities Clinical assessment the process of collecting and interpreting information that will be used to understand another person used for making predictions planning treatments and evaluating treatments Chapter 5 Unipolar mood disorder person experiences only episodes of depression Dysthymia less severe symptoms than MDD but predominately depressed mood for at least two years most individuals experience two or more of the following poor appetite or overeating insomnia or hypersomnia low energy or fatigue low self esteem poor concentration or difficulty making decisions and feelings of hopelessness Bipolar mood disorder Bipolar I person has experiences at least one manic episode Bipolar II person has experienced at least one major depressive episode at least one hy pomanic episode and no full blown manic episodes Hypomania is the experience of a less severe period of increased energy generally shorter duration and waker in intensity that full blown manic episodes Cyclothymia chronic but less severe mood swings at least two years in which the person experiences numerous hypomanic episodes and numerous periods of depression but no major depressive or manic episodes Melancholia a particularly severe form of depression with symptoms including loss of pleasure loss of interest loss of appetite early morning awakenings excessive guilt tends to respond well to biological treatments Treatment 1 Cognitive therapy focus on recognizing challenging and overcoming cogni tive distortions and errors in logic 2 Interpersonal therapy focus on interpersonal factors in current relationships that cause and maintain depression builds communication and problem solving skills 50 occur in context of mood disorder 15 20 with mood disorders will eventually kill themselves Highest rate in white males over 50 Egoistic occurs when people are alienated from society depressed and apathetic Altruistic occurs when people sacrifice their lives for the sake of others Anomic occurs following the breakdown of social order Fatalistic suicide occurs when the circumstances of a persons life become unbear 8 Non suicidal self injury harming themselves without trying to end their lives cut Suicide 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 able ting Chapter 6 Anxiety diffuse and general out of proportion to threats from the environment adaptive at low levels but maladaptive when excessive and associated with pessimism and nega tive self evaluation at