PLANET EARTH Department of Earth Planetary Sciences fall 12 Doctor Lepre Lecture 1 Review for TEST 1 Big Bang o All distant galaxies are moving away from us How Because the universe is expanding To picture the expanding universe imagine a ball of bread dough with raisins scattered throughout As the dough bakes and expands into a loaf each raisin moves away from its neighbors in every direction expanding universe theory Did this expansion begin at some specific time in the past Yes with the cataclysmic explosion called the Big Bang According to the big band theory all matter and energy everything that now constitutes the Universe was initially paced into an infinitesimally small point That point exploded and the Universe began When the universe first existed it was very hot very dense and very small It consisted entirely of energy Overtime it spread out matter and energy over a small space and then later the space expanded There are objects still moving towards and away form the Universe o Those objects closer to the hypothetical center of the big bang universe will be moving to us those on the edges will move away from us Objects on the edge emit red light and objects coming toward us emit blue light The different types of galaxies o Spiral galaxy has a middle that has a series of arms that flail outwards in a circular motion Appears to be rotating clockwise o barred spiral galaxy looks like it has a bar through its middle The bar consists of o Elliptical galaxies range from circular remember a circle is an ellipse to long stars narrow and cigar shaped Solar System o A star that s being orbited by planets o Solar system s come together to form galaxies o Have at least one star that has planets orbiting in set shapes and lines Also all planets are formed at the same time with the star Nebular Hypothesis of Solar System Formation o Theory about how solar systems are formed o the sun and all other objects in the solar system formed from material that had been swirling about in a nebula o You begin with a giant cloud of hydrogen As this cloud gains mass it builds gravity and begins to attract additional atoms of hydrogen Nebular gas condenses increases in gravity and begins to spin Small chunks grow and collide eventually becoming larger aggregates of gas and solid chunks Eventually the center of the nebula condenses to a large degree and this forms the basis to a young star Around this young star a proto planetary disk forms This circular mass of dust ice and gas rotates about the gas center that is the newly formed star Over time the proto planetary disk begins to segregate into rings In the case of our solar system it is though that heavier materials like dust formed the interior rings and lighter materials like gas and ice formed the outer ones In the enveloping disk of gas and dust forms grains that collide and clump together into small chink of planetesimals the beginning of a planet The chunks all collide together to coagulate into a planet Planetary Disk Proto o Identified by the lessening of gaseous aspects of your nebula and instead you have more solids Also characteristic because in the center we have the beginnings of a protostar o Flattened outer part of the disk that did not become part of the star o It is the source of planets as well as other moons comets and asteroids Planetesimals Stellar Ignition Thermonuclear fusion Jovian Terrestrial planets Lecture 2 Major and minor subdivisions of geologic time o Precambrian 5 billion 540 million years ago o Phanerozoic 540 million years ago today Hadean Archean proterozoic Paleozoic Mesozoic cenozoic Stromatolites Banded Iron Formation Cambrian Explosion of Life Pangaea Lecture 3 Convection Types of plate margins boundaries the features that makes them similar different Rifting ocean Mid ridges Plate tectonics tectonic plate Subduction arc Volcanic continental island and Lecture 4 What is a mountain Orogenic orogenesis orogeny Mountain range Mountain belt Faults Folds different types the features that make them similar Episodes of mountain building for the Appalachians Convergent boundary continent to continent different Lecture 5 Greenhouse Earth Icehouse Ice Age Earth Glacial Interglacial Paleocene Eocene thermal maximum Epochs of the Cenozoic Insolation Greenhouse effect Carbon dioxide storage production Chemical reactions with rock Organic carbon pump Calcium carbonate pump Lecture 6 Classification Homologous traits Mass extinction Binominal nomenclature Phylogeny Taxonomy Principle of Fossil Succession Biostratigraphy Fossil assemblage Adaptive radiation Human taxonomy primate hominid Homo Homo sapiens Lecture 7 be sure to know the date for each listed below Acheulian African origins for Homo sapiens Australopithecus Beringia Clovis Holocene climate optimum Homo erectus Last glacial maximum Oldowan lastly be sure to know the chemical formulas equations relevant to any topics listed above