Lectures 07 11 2011 10 21 00 How does Maryland compare to the other states with regard to the well being of children uninsured children Best in the nation fewer children in poverty early prenatal care Worst in the nation infant mortality low birth weight In particular what is the state of working mothers and child care costs 66 of mothers work with children under 6 years 81 of mothers work with children ages 6 17 Child care costs for a 4 year old 18 year old 10 000 15 000 What is a socially toxic environment A socially toxic environment is a place where nowhere is safe Risk factors violence maternal mental illness poverty lack of social support large family size parental anxiety early interaction with parents single parenthood availability of guns threat of AIDS How can we think about tipping points for accumulated risks of children in these environments Tipping Points o 1 2 risk factors resilience o 3 6 risk factors big drop in intelligence scores cognition o 7 8 risk factors huge drop in intelligence scores cognition How does the current funding structure of public schools reflect traditional values of local control How does the structure lead to inequality in funding Value of local control over education o Curricula funding teaching and other policies are set by locally elected school boards with jurisdiction over districts o Education standards and standardized testing are controlled at the state level How extensive are funding gaps by race and by class both per student and per school in a given year Comparing high to low minority districts o On average states spend 614 less on minority students o In 30 49 states high minority districts receive less funding than low minority districts Comparing high to low poverty districts o On average states spend 907 less on poor students o In 27 49 states high poverty districts receive less funding than low poverty districts o Since 1997 30 of 47 states have moved toward equal or greater funding for poor and or minority districts Identify evidence in support of NCLB and identify critiques of the legislation Support of No Child Left Behind o Systematic testing provides data that sheds light on which schools are not teaching basic skills effectively accountability o Common expectations improved test scores o More options for students in failing schools federal funding for schools increased Critiques of No Child Left Behind o Reduces effective instruction and student learning because it lowers achievement goals and motivates teachers to teach to o Provides incentives against low performing students o Federal funding for Title 1 is too limited to provide for success the test of NCLB o Shift emphasis from sanctions for failing to raise test scores to being accountable to make systematic changes that improve student achievement What are the five important transitions during young adulthood Leaving home Starting work Having children Finishing school Getting married How often do adults pass through these transitions in expected order Who receives the most assistance money or time from their parents From ages 18 34 in any given year o 34 receive cash assistance o 47 receive time assistance How are the pathways of young adults shaped by the timing of stressful life events such as the Great Depression Great Depression o Early teenagers 11 12 years o Early school age 5 6 years Family decisions and trauma immigration Birth order o Divorce or death of parents remarriage geographic mobility What is Kohn s thesis about how parents of different social classes socialize their children for future jobs Our class standing is recreated through our choice of jobs Blue collar vs white collar Spillover from work to parenting styles What are the challenges that young adults face in establishing themselves in the workforce Man cession o 82 of jobs lost in 2008 2009 employed men o 2009 first time women outnumber men in labor force in US o Effects are overstated Sectors most likely hit for short term losses are construction manufacturing women s problems in employment are ingrained wage differentials motherhood penalty Difficulty finding a good job o Young workers vs older recycled workers avoid African American men local workers few good wages What does it take to be a success at finding and maintaining a job Chain of friends acquaintances breaking the stigma of McJobs combining school with work soft skills How do the workday obligations and rhythms of working class adults differ from others Obligations needs Rhythms o Between 1970 1990 workers across all income groups work 160 or more hours per year o Time obligations child care employment transitions daily o 75 of low wage workers do not have standard 9 5 shifts o daily rhythms coordination strategies Which three social policies were designed to protect and support working families Worker s Compensation enacted in early 1900s o First social insurance program o To insure wage earners against earnings losses and medical bills caused by injury on job Unemployment Insurance 1935 with state programs first o To decrease financial strain on unemployed and to prevent families from becoming public assistance clients o Funded by joint federal state payroll taxes on employer with matching federal funds o Considered a right not a privilege Earned Income Tax Credit 1975 expanded o To give cash supplements to working parents with dependent children o Lump sum refund o Funded by federal government through general revenue What are the three main types of health disparities How is SES related to health outcomes and how does race ethnicity shape to this relationship Lower socio economic status is probably the most powerful single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality not only in the US but worldwide What is allostatic load and how does stress emerge from circumstances of neighborhood poverty and violence What are some of the pathways to poverty for aging adults Life course effects o 55 experience poverty by 70 years o More people of color spent formative childhood years lacking nutritious food consistent shelter reliable health care o Education and work experience matter o Adult poverty has fallen over past 50 years but racial disparities have not What is the weathering hypothesis and what does it mean for aging adults Cumulative burdens early onset of chronic illness and hasten death What is a recipe for intergenerational heartache Why are some aging and poor adults forced into a protective shell How does the health