WHAT TO KNOW FOR BLOOD Understand how to perform interpret a hematocrit Be able to locate identify various classes of blood cells under microscope Be able to compare granulocytes to agranulocytes Be able to identify the fx of each blood type Be able to discuss components of plasma Be able to discuss anemia and the various causes of it Know the relative concentrations of each blood type Blood Only fluid tissue in the human body Classified as connective tissue Components of blood o 1 Living cells called formed elements erythrocytes RBCs transport O2 and CO2 leukocytes WBCs defend against pathogens platelets cell fragments formed from megakaryocytes important in blood clotting o 2 non living matrix plasma is the fluid and solutes Blood Hematocrit and Beyond when blood is centrifuged o erythrocytes sink to bottom 45 of blood aka hematocrit o buffy coat contains leukocytes and platelets less than 1 of blood buffy coat is a thin whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma o plasma rises to top 55 of blood o Normal Adult Female Range 36 46 o Normal Adult Male Range 40 53 o Normal Newborn Range 49 61 Plasma Constituents Water solvent for carrying other substances absorbs heat Salts electrolytes osmotic balance pH buffering regulation of membrane permeability Na K Ca Mg Cloride HCO3 Plasma proteins o Albumin osmotic balance and pH buffering o Firbinogen clotting of blood o Globulins defense antibodies and lipid transport Substances transported by blood o Nutrients glucose fatty acids amino acids vitamins o Waste products of metabolism urea uric acid o Respiratory gases O2 and CO2 o Hormones How to Perform a Hematocrit Obtain blood samples and capillary tubes Place a capillary tube into blood sample to draw up blood Seal one end of the capillary tube Give sealed sample to TA to centrifuge Measure total length in cm of the fluid in the tube from the bottom sealed end Then also measure in cm RBC WBC and plasma from the bottom sealed end Calculate percentage of RBC total WBC total and plasma total Formed Elements Erythrocytes RBCs Leukocytes WBCs Platelets cell fragments Erythrocytes Main function to carry oxygen Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes o Biconcave disk large surface area which favors diffusion o Essentially bags of hemoglobin o Anucleate o Contain very few organelles o No mitochondria o Use anaerobic glycolysis 5 6 billion RBCs ml of blood flexible membrane also function to maintain osmolarity and blood plasma pH Anemia Decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of blood dietary anemia o iron iron deficiency anemia o pernicious lack of Vitamin B12 hemorrhagic anemia bleeding hemolytic anemia o malaria or SCA aplastic anemia bone marrow defect renal anemia kidney disease Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes o Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained o Possess lobed nuclei o Agranulocytes Include 1 neutrophils 60 70 2 eosinophils 2 4 3 basophils 0 5 1 o Lack visible cytoplasmic granules o Nuclei are spherical oval or kidney shaped o Include 1 lymphocytes 20 25 and 2 monocytes 3 8 Neutrophils 60 80 of leukocytes in blood phagocyte secretes cytokines active phagocytes circulate in blood 7 10 hours migrate to tissues for a few days increase in during infections multi lobed 3 7 nucleus with fine granules Eosinophils 1 5 of leukocytes phagocytes but not main mechanism of action defend against parasitic invaders e g worms brick red granules nucleus telephone receptor Basophils kills parasitic worms with digestive enzymes granules contain toxic molecules that attack parasites 1 of leukocytes non phagocytic may defend against large parasites by releasing toxic substances contribute to allergic reactions o histamine o heparin bunch of little dots 5 of leukocytes phagocytes Agranulocytes monocytes become macrophages new monocytes circulate in blood for a few hours then o migrate to tissues macrophages wandering macrophages fixed macrophages secrete cytokines largest of the WBCs looks like a neuron big nucleus but does not take up whole cell nucleus kidney shaped Agranulocytes Lymphocytes nucleus takes up whole cell 3 types of lymphocytes o B lymphocytes B cells o T lymphocytes T cells o Null cells aka NKCs Plasma cells secrete antibodies Helper T cells secrete cytokines that activate multiple cell types cytotoxic T cells secrete factors that lead to the death of infected cells and tumor cells Null cells secrete factors that lead to death of infected cells tumor cells o Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells megakaryocytes o Needed for clotting process o Normal platelet count 300 000 mm3 o Hemocytoblast megakaryocyte promegakaryocyte megakaryocyte platelets Platelets Aka thrombocytes Lymphatic and Immune System Objectives Understand how to perform and interpret blood typing Able to discuss major blood groups and how to perform blood typing test Explain WHY we have a rxn to foreign blood types Be able to identify major organs on models of lymphatic system and their fxs Be able to identify structures of a lymph node Be able to discuss innate and adaptive acquired immunity Be able to discuss structure of an antibody Identify various classes of antibodies Draw and discuss various classes of antibodies Understand organ tissue donation and issues related to it Be able to identify slides with various lymphatic and immune tissue samples Human Blood Groups Blood contains genetically determined proteins Antigens substance the body recognizes as foreign may be attacked by immune system Antibodies are the recognizers Blood is typed by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump agglutination There are over 30 common RBC antigens The most vigorous transfusion rxns are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens ABO Blood Groups Blood type AB can receive A B AB O blood o AB universal recipient Blood type B can receive B and O Blood type A can receive A and O Blood type O can receive O o O universal donor Blood types A B AB O o Due to antigens on surface of RBCs o Type A A antigens anti B antibodies o Type B B antigens anti A antibodies o Type AB A and B antigens no A or B antibodies o Type O no antigens anti A and anti B antibodies Blood Typing versa Rh Blood Groups Blood samples are mixed with anti A and anti B serum Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner Cross matching testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient s serum and vice Place one drop of blood in each well then place one
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