Final Exam Question Research the answers to each of the questions below Use whatever sources you find useful especially lecture notes and your textbook You may work in groups On the final exam these questions will make up the cumulative section of the exam For the final exam you will need to remember your answers and write them on the test pages you may not write out your answers ahead of time and turn them in There are 4 pages to this question Background Fredrica Bimmel the infant from Case 3 Wanda s Woes needs your help Of course she s all grown up now having survived a rough first year back in 1975 She has no memories of her numerous hospital stays but over the years her parent s stories about her early struggles made a deep impression on Fredrica and she developed a keen interest in medical microbiology This interest motivated her as she completed her M D degree then her Ph D degree followed by a Master s degree in epidemiology She has become one of the world s leading experts on Streptococcus pneumoniae and she has arranged an important meeting with Bill Gates to try to convince him to fund her research to develop a new vaccine that will protect people from all serotypes of S pneumoniae Like any good scientist Dr Bimmel prepared extensively for this meeting including putting together a PowerPoint presentation On the cab ride from the airport to the Microsoft campus she received a phone call from one of Mr Gate s assistants with these words of advice You know of course that Mr Gates absolutely despises PowerPoint presentations so I hope that you plan on avoiding that he really likes to see ideas scratched out in pen or pencil on a piece of paper Is that going to be a problem for you You happen to be sharing the cab and so Dr Bimmel turns to you for help What do you know about Streptococcus pneumoniae Can you help me draw a few simple diagrams and write out some basic definitions and ideas I have some innovative ideas for how we could reduce S pneumoniae infections by taking advantage of i its metabolic properties ii microbial ecology iii vaccine development I ll just tell you the ideas and you can write them out on this paper The genome of the Streptococcus pneumoniae strain Fredrica is studying includes the following features that she needs to highlight in a simple diagram i several important chromosomal genes including pspA a gene encoding pneumococcal surface protein A plyA a gene encoding the S pneumoniae pneumolysin an operon including ptsA ptsB ptsC ptsD encoding the components of a phosphotransferase transport system that can transport glucose into the cytoplasm a gene encoding lactate dehydrogenase ldh and genes for each of the glycolytic enzymes blaA a secreted protein that can enzymatically inactivate lactam antibiotics a lac operon lacZ lacY lacA encoding proteins very similar to their counterparts in E coli ii a plasmid that carries pilA a gene encoding the major protein of the pilus that mediates attachment to epithelial cells in the lungs and middle ear pilZ a gene encoding the adhesin for the PilA pilus Several genes NOT PRESENT in the S pneumoniae genome include those encoding TCA cycle enzymes those encoding electron transport chain proteins 1 Be able to draw a single labeled diagram of S pneumoniae that depicts this organism and the location of each of the features specified below a Functional anatomy of S pneumoniae the shape of the organism streptococcus chained cocci the layers of the cell envelope including the capsule Do label the layers do NOT draw individual lipid molecules do clearly indicate whether this is a Gram positive or Gram negative bacterium plasma membrane peptidoglycan layer teichoic acid within the peptidoglycan layer This is a gram positive bacterium the location of the attachment pilus comes off capsule layer b Genetic anatomy of S pneumoniae Depict the location of pspA and blaA in your cell diagram c Biochemical anatomy of S pneumoniae show on your diagram where you would expect to find Teichoic acids Pneumolysin galactosidase LacZ PspA lactamase BlaA PtsABCD a multiprotein complex PilZ 1 Cell membrane is located below the cell wall beneath the peptidoglycan layer 2 Teichoic acid is embedded within the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall brown 3 The pilus will be attached all around the cell originating within the cell membrane Does the pilus attach to cell membrane or capsule 4 PspA gene is located within the nucleoplasm where it is translated The protein is found on the outer surface of the cell wall where it can bind to and neutralize antibodies from the host 5 Pneumolysin will also be located in both areas However it will be completely secreted outside of the cell beyond the capsule 6 PtsABCD the complex used to process glucose is located within the cell membrane and its cytoplasm as depicted on the diagram for question 4 7 PilZ will be a protein attached to the end of the pili facing the extracellular matrix 8 B lactamase is secreted to the outside of the cell to cleave lactose 9 The genes for PspA BlaA and PtsABCD pneumolysin and pilA pilz are all located in nucleoid 2 Fredrica realizes that Bill Gates may not understand the genetic nomenclature contained within her drawing of the cell so she decides that it would be helpful to prepare an additional figure that would explain the concept of a gene She decides that her drawing should highlight the ptsABCD gene operon a Prepare a simple figure that shows how information is converted from a DNA molecule to a protein Include in your figure the correct location of 5 and 3 ends of each molecule the location of transcriptional start and stop sites any promoters ribosome binding sites start and stop codons amino and carboxy termini of the protein and site of operon regulation 3 Functional components of S pneumonia a For each of the S pneumoniae cell components listed below briefly indicate how it could contribute to the ability of this bacterium to cause disease in a human host 1 sentence for each Capsule Protects the pathogen from being phagocytized Also aids in attachment stops antibodies from binding Attachment PilA Pilus Helps pathogen attach to surfaces especially the upper respiratory tract Pneumolysin Lyses immune cells that are trying to attach the pathogen PspA Can bind and neutralize antibodies from the host surface protein that stops the cascade Teichoic Acid In the membrane attaches to the host and keeps the integrity of the membrane b What term would a Pathogenic