Bio Diversity Chapter 1 Understanding experimental process based on research study of knowledge data observations process based sequence of events testing hypothesis purpose goal gain increasingly accurate understanding of natural world assumptions data observation upon which understanding data based on obeservations Purpose seek gain accurate understanding explanation that are natural of natural world What is Science 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Physics matter or E Chemistry atoms and molecules Biology organisms environment Based on best available evidence anything based on lacking evidence poor supported will natural phenomena have natural explanations Follow natural patterns rules these patterns rules are unchanging across space and time We can uncover understand explanations patterns rules by using Scientific Method Assumptions of Science Science must be 1 never be accepted Has to be objective unbiased by personal or philosophical viewpoints verifiable testable repeatable Science is self correcting weedout biased ideas 2 3 acquired through sci method consistent protocol approach Scientific Method Observation 1 Ask a question 2 Hypothesis 3 Prediction 4 5 Experiment surveys accept hypothesis hyp Supported by resutls reject hyp hyp Not supported Observations single or multiple over time or space senses Question Hypothesis Ex Every X has characteristic Y 2 This thing X is a dog therefore this thing has characteristic Y most rigorous test Experiments account for all known variables that might influence experiment use manip Group control group data objective unbiased impartial restricted to use of our senses smell touch can improve by sensors instruments that enhance make sure predictions are clear focused specific wording must be testable through further obser develop theoretical models or experimentation framed based on observation data often based on inductive reasoning specific observations general idea a tentative explanation of obser not a guess based on previous data other new observ Deductive reasoning general specific involve manipulation of suspected cause measurment of effect of manip important to repeat replicate testing for consistenty of results does not determine truth all claims are viewed as tentative based on current understanding of best avail Evidence hyp s can always be re tested to support see every swan To falsify find one swan that s not white Most probs have mult Hyps Science does not cannot Prove anything Important often misused terms in Science Fact Law general statement describing some aspect of natural world how it behaves under stated circumstances a well confirmed data point obser Lots of independent evidence unlikely to be overturned not proof or truth Not known to vary law of gravity thermodynamics Hypothesis possible tentative explanation of observation may be untested may be weakly well supported or not supported by more data Theory very well supported explanation that incorporates tested hypothesis facts laws supported by increasing observations multiple independent lines of evidence scientists would never say It s just a theory Facts Laws require explanations hypothesis and theories are explanations Biology science of living things life What is a living thing Something that can reproduce growth develop composed of cells capable of independent activity manipulation of environment ability to adapt to environment Small scale larger scale longer time periods evolution homeostasis maintain relatively constant internal conditions e g body temp requires nourishment to survive energy then has ability to obtain consume that E produces waste following consumptions of Energy Take in O2 and other things needed for metabolism highly complex structure yet highly ordered atoms tissue sensitive to environment stimili respond to environment Evolution can think of as can be defined as dual nature fact and theory fact observations data well confirmed living organisms change overtime as theory explanation change over time big or small changes a long time has generated the biology diversity we see today Charles Darwin 1809 1862 published mechanism of evolution natural selection on origin of species Alfred Russell Wallace 1823 1913 adaption responsible for diversity of life formation of new species Darwin s ideas voyage on the Beagle was a cabin boy naturalist sailed for islands and kept detailed notes studied geology Father of Geology realized Earth was older than he thought recognized that process of evolution by natural selection would require long periods of time for small change to accumulate leading larger change 3 key Observations on the Beagle 1 2 3 fossils resembled currently living species recognized shared ancestry fossil organisms were related to modern organism Similar species varied from place to place in ways that suited their environment suggested that organismal change from common Island species resembled coastal mainland species organisms move creating new populations shared ancestry Darwin s 4 Postulates Postulate 1 Postulate 2 Individuals within species are variable these variations may have no impact 2 all but sometimes variation can give an individual an advantage for survival reproduction Some of the individuals variations are passed on to that individuals offspring E g most parents resemble their parents if organism acquires trait during it s lifetime trait is not passed on Postulate 3 In every generation more offspring are produced than survive Struggle for existence ocean sunfish mola mola Female produces 300 million eggs breeding event Males most eggs are fertilized 1 survive to reproduce lack of predators Those offspring that survive and reproduce have inherited variation that give them an advantage Those that survived may have inherited an advantage from their parents affected survival maybe they were quicker than the avg beetle get food faster avoid predators have better chance If they reproduce the advantage increasing their fitness Fitness does not equal quickness description of reproduction success A quick beetle that reproduce the most and pass on it s traits it has 0 fitness beetles that reproduce the most are the fittest of the beetles their descendants are most likely to over time thousands of generations may pass each successive generation is quicker than the one Postulate 4 over their siblings reproduce survive survival of the fitness before it May eventually lead to speciation new species is produced Evolution by NS 1 2 3 theory
View Full Document
Unlocking...