Chapter 6 Wednesday February 23 2011 12 02 PM Why do people violate norms Competing Explanations of Deviance 1 Biological explanations a Focus on genetic predispositions 1911 Cesare Lomboroso inborn criminal 1 1913 Charels Goring b No difference in characteristics 1940s William Sheldon The body type 1 2 3 1 Psychological Explanations a b Sociological explanations a Strain theory Freud arrested development Berkowitz fragile self esteem 1 3000 convicts 3000 law abiding citizens 1960s genetic abnormality extra Y chromosome 1958 Herrstein and Wilson Inborn factors predispose street crime Sociological vales produce deviance poverty breeds crime R Merton 1 Anomie an imbalance between socially approved goals and the availability of socially approved means of achieving them Positions within society b Differential association theory learned Deviance bad complications theory Intensity of contact family friends Importance of peer groups Deviance failure of social control Others ask why do people deviate c Control theory Travis Hirshi 1969 wrong 1 1 2 3 d Labeling theory Control theory asks why do people conform in the first place Inner controls internalized morality conscience ideas of right and Outer controls people family friends police relationships and social bonds Deviance process by which some people successfully define others as deviant Deviance result on interactions relativity of deviance Interationist perspective Conflict perspective i ii i ii iii i ii iii i ii iii iv i ii iii i ii Primary deviance those in power declare themselves as normal temporary explanatory trivial If and when deviant acts are discovered Degration ceremony Label is applied Secondary advice persistentnonconformity e W Chambilis 1975 the saints and the roughnecks study Social control and maintenance power f g Crime a conflict view i Whose law and order sanctions uphold ii Property crimes vs white collar crimes h Crime functionalist perspective i Consequences of deviance ii Functions of Deviance 1 Clarification of norms 2 Enhancement of solidarity 3 Diversion of discontent iii Dysfunctions of deviance 1 Disruption of social order 2 Confusion of social order 3 Diversion of recourses Crime and punishment 100 felonies 33 reported to the police 6 cleared by arrest 3 prosecuted and convicted 1 person sent to prison problems with evidence diversion into treatment programs plea bargaining 1980s increase in crime three strikes law Crime punishment theories 1 2 3 Retribution eye for an eye approach Rehabilitation Deterrence an attempt to reduce criminal activity by instilling fear of punishment a b Specific deterrence General deterrence J Gibbs on punishment Severe Rapid all three together Certain 4 Incapacitation removing offender Death penalty capital punishment Is death penalty moral Is it effective Ehrlich yes Bowers No Medicalization of Deviance Thomas Szasz Mental illnesses are neither mental nor illnesses They are simply problem behaviors
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