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Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life1. What are the characteristics of life?a) Orderb) Evolutionary adaptationc) Response to the enviormentd) Homeostasise) Energy utilizationf) Growth and developmentg) Reproduction2. What are the aspects biologists study in order from largest to smallest? Hint starts with biospherea) Biosphereb) Ecosystemc) Commmunitiesd) Populationse) Organismsf) Organs and Organg systemsg) Tissuesh) Cellsi) Organellesj) Molleules3. What are the 2 cell types and what is different about each?a) Prokaryotes – simple cell structure includes bacteria and archaeab) Eukaryotes – more complex, DNA in a nucleus includes all other organisms including us. (have a nucleus)4. What are the 3 domains?a) Domain Bacteriab) Domain Archaeac) Domain Eukarya5. What are the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms?a) Animalia: Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryote lacking2cell wall.b) Plantae: Multicellular photoautotrophic* eukaryote with cellulose cell wall, with tissues comprising differentiated cellsc) Fungi: Heterotrophic eukaryote with chitin cell walld) Protista: Eukaryotes that didn't get put into Animalia, Plantae, or Fungi.6. Taxonomic groups in order from kingdom to speciesa) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class , Order, Family, Genus, Species7. Difference between deductive and inductive reasoninga) Inductive reasoning2is a process of arriving at a conclusion based on a set of observations. It is not a valid method of proof.b) Deductive reasoning2is a valid form of proof. It is a process by which a person makes conclusions based on previously known facts.8. Be able to explain emergent properties and how this complicates reductionism.a) Reductionism is the reduction of complext systems to simpler components to study them more managably, emergent properties are the properties that emerge when the components are all put together. Hydrogen and Oxygen on their own you would not know that they could create water.9. Definition of hypothesisa) An Educated Guess10. Definitions ofa) Element - A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with identical number of protons. (Periodic Table)b) Compound - A2substance2consisting of2atoms2or2ions of two or more2elements2that are chemically bonded togetherc) Isotope – Differet number of neutrons, does not change the element, still that element. C12, C14d) Ion - A2particle2that is electrically2charged (positive2or2negative); an2atom or2molecule2or2group2that has2lost2or gained one or more2electrons.e) Isomer – Same Chemical Formula but a Different Structuref) Proton – an atomic particle with a positive charge and mass of 1 amug) Neutron – an atomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1 amu (The Glue for the Protons.)h) Electron – an atomic particle that has a negative charge that flies around the nucleus.i) Anion - a negatively charged2ion.j) Cation - a positively charged2ion.11. Given any element and a periodic chart be able to determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons, the atomic number and atomic weight, the number of valence electrons and the valence (missing number in valence shell)12. Understand how covalent bonds form and the difference between polar covalent and non-polar covalenta) Covalent Bonds - Covalent bonding is for sharing of2electrons. I remember it like co-existing electrons. To share.b) Polar-Covalent Bonds - A bond in which a pair of electrons is shared in common between two atoms, but the pair is held more closely by one of the atoms.2c) Non-Polar Covalent Bonds - A bond in which a pair of electrons is distributed or shared equally between two atoms.13. How does an ionic bond form?a) Ionic bonds are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons in order to have a full outer shell of electrons to make them stable.14. What is a H bond and know an example.a) A low-energy attractive2force2between2hydrogen2and another2element. It plays a2major2role2in determining the2properties2of2water,15. What are Van der Waals interactions?a) Van der Waals forces are driven by induced electrical interactions between two or more atoms or molecules that are very close to each other. Van der Waals interaction is the weakest of all intermolecular attractions between molecules16. About chemical reactions:a) Reactants b) Products17. The polar nature of water gives it extraordinary characteristics”a) Cohesion versus adhesioni. Cohesion2is the property of like molecules (of the same substance) to stick to each other due to mutual attraction.ii. Adhesion2is the property of different molecules or surfacesto cling to each other.b) Moderation of temperature – Water molecules2are attracted to one another by hydrogen bonds and this restricts the movement of the molecules. This means that a relatively large amount of energy is required to increase the temperature of water (it has a high specific heat capacity) and that large bodies of water are slow to change temperaturec) Specific heat - The amount of2energy2(measured in2calories2or joules) needed to2raise2the2temperature2of one2gram of a2pure2substance2by one2degree2c.d) Evaporation - Loss of2volume2of a2liquid2by2conversion2into vapor.e) Know difference between temperature and heat1. Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the molecules. 2. Heat is measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matterf) Why does ice float and what is the significance of this?i. The crystallization process of the water in ice will start. When ice is crystallizing, the molecule of H2O is re-arranging on a way that they tend to take more space than in a liquid. It's odd but some other chemical have the same properties. 1 kg of ice is taking 1.09 liter, 9% more volume. Consequently, it will float.g) Solvent of life polar and ionic substancesi. Solvent a2liquid2in which substances (or2solutes) are dissolved forming a2solution.ii. 2A2substance2(usually in lesser]2amount) dissolved in another2substance.2iii. A type of2homogenous2mixture2in which the2particles of one or more2substances218. Moles a) Why we use Moles?i. Mole is convenient unit to use in formulas because it shows how many parts of each material react.2Avogadro’s number of atoms of each elementb) How to calculate the mole for any molecule?i. C6H12O6 C 6 *6 36 g/molesH 12 * 1 12 g/moles TotalO 6 * 16 96 g/moles 180 g/moles19. Definition of (what does it do when added to a solution?)a) Acid – a substance that when dissolved in water


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NOVA BIO 101 - Personal Finance Final Exam

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