Anthropology notes 4/9Homo erectus 1.8 mya- 300,000 Archaic Homo Sapiens (AHS)Africa: 350,000- 200,000Asia: 350,000- 40,000Europe: 350,000 – 24,000Derived= new Primitive= old- Larger brains (D) (1,000-4,000)- Taller skulls (D)- Arching brow ridge (D)- Large brow ridge (P) - Large faces (P)- Thick skulls (P)African AHS; Broken Hill (Kabwe, Zambia)- Steinheim, Germany- Simadelos Huesos, Atapureca Spain 300,000Middle Paleolithic Industries- Stone tools made from prepared core- 300,000- 200,000 - retouched tools with soft hammer (bone) Levallois techniqueOther tools? - Wooden spears 300,000-400,000- Schoningen, Germany- Cut horse bones- Stone flakes- Large mammal huntingBehavior?They are intermediate between us and homo erectusNot all were necessarily ancestralAsia- Large brow ridges- Dali, China- 200,000European - Robust Jaw- Modern Teeth - Thick Skull- Big Brow Ridges- Fire- Camp sites- Some were hunters but others were scavengersNEANDERTALS **late- 130,000- 30,000- Europe/ Western Asia (Middle East)- Evolved from earlier AHS- Other groups in eastern asia and Africa Old Spelling: Neanderthals - Named after fossils found in 1856 in Neander Valley, GermanyHomo Sapiens Neanderthalensis (a lot like us) VS. Homo Neanderthalensis (Much Different) Neandertal features:- Big brain (1,300-1,400)- Low forehead- Occipital bun (bun like skull) – European desent- Arched brow ridge- Projecting mid-face- Teeth have distinctive wear pattern- Retomolar gap- Adapted to the cold- Robust bones and muscles- Barrel-chested- Short limbs - Height M: 5’6” F: 5’ 3” Considered pathological people Stooped (hunched) and stupid  La Chapelle allx saints, France - Discovered 1908 - Male - Spinal oesteoarthics - 1,620 cc brain Kebara, Israel- 50,000 April 14th 2014La Chapelle aux Saints, FranceDiscovered 1908Old Robust maleSpinal osteoarthritis gave him stooped appearanceBrain Size 1620 cc - Kebara, Israel 50,000 yaNeandertal BehaviorSpeech?- Hyoid bone from Kabara, Israel indicates yes- Others say no!Tools?: Early Neandertals- Mousterian tool industryLate Neandertals- Chatelperronian Industry - Suggests took ideas from contemporary modern humans Burials: Intentional burialsBuried in: - Flexed positions (fetal position) - Possibly with animal bones- Possibly with flowers Care for injured and old- Lots of trauma on fossils. Would have needed help to survive. Hunters and Gatherers:Shanidar, Iraq30-45 year old manBlow to eye left him blindRight arm paralyzedRight hand missingLegs show damage- Fruits, nuts, tubers- Large mammals killed at close range (had to get right up to mammals) - Could account for high trauma Fire: hearths and lightCamp sites: temporary camps, best evidence from cavesClothes: Likely since its cold, but no needles! Why did Neandertals disappear?Specialized for cold climate of ice ageHypothesis 1: Out of AfricaClimate change and competition with anatomically modern homo sapiens from Africa led to extinction Hypothesis 2: Multi-regional HypothesisNeandertals evolved into modern humans in EuropeHypothesis 3: Assimilation ( start acting like, learning process) Interbreeding occurred between modern homo-sapiens and Neandertals in Europe and middle east. Archaic populations were assimilated into larger migrant populations of modern humans. Iberian Peninsula, Portugal24,500 ya4-year-old childNeandertal- like traits: no chin, robust limbsModern Human- like traits: pelvis, lower jawSuggest it is a Neandertal-human