Beowulf:Anglo Saxon: First poem written in the English languageOral: No actual author is known – it was told orally. Pagan worshippers were first to recite Beowulf. Christians heard it later and added a Monkish interpretation = Monks put information in that wasn’t originally there when they began copying books. Christ addition:Christian view of a Christ figure when everything illuminates after Grendel’s mother’s death.When Beowulf goes to fight the dragon he brings along 12 men  12 ApostlesEpic-Elegy: Melancholy Poem, sad. JR Tolkien (The Hobbit) took interest in Beowulf poem because he thought it was judged by a prejudiced formula – people said it was not in chronological order. Tolkien called it an Epic-Elegy – he said it was like looking back on the old days.Digressions/FragmentsComitatus*: Beowulf’s men (comrades) who run away when the dragon comes (except Wiglaf).Dragon: Dragons is comparative to a snake. Dragons usually have venom, breathe fire etc. and they like to collect treasures. They are hoarders. Slave angers the dragon by stealing a cup from its lair. The dragon injured Beowulf, ultimately killing him.Over 1000 years ago after the fall of the Roman Empire there was no government. There were simply small settlements of people and you were either in a group or you were dead.Grendel was not part of a group. He is looking in and feels isolated. Similar to Frankenstein (a creature shut out until a bling man cannot see he is a weird creature and befriends him). If we treat people badly/as others we can’t be surprised at the society we have today.Reputation: Beowulf is always thinking about fame  what are his true intentions? Beowulf uses this as a means of encouragement. When he needs motivation to fight Grendel he thinks about his reputation. Altruism: Now we expect everyone to have pure intentions. Back then it was more about what you did than what your intentions were. Christianity is obsessed with intention- you can sin just for having the intentions. Having the desire is enough to qualify as a sin. Unferth loses his reputation by losing the courage to fight Grendel’s mother.First fight with Grendel Beowulf is barbaric, he is haughty, only there for his own glory. Second one he matures because he immediately runs to the lake, He doesn’t try and tear her arm off, he kills her with a sword, he talks about god and acts like a knight. He makes a speech before killing his mother about nobility. When he’s killing the dragon he sacrifices himself for the people, he matures- he’s not perfect.English/German/Latin:Anglo-Saxon/Old 500-1000Middle 1000-1500Modern 1500-2014English is German and Latin combined. Along with other influences from the Barbarian.Alliterative Meter (2 or three words that begin with the same consonant – it gives a distinctive rhythm)Kennings: Riddles: Swan-road" would imply "ocean"Beot: They way they would psych themselves for battle. They would boast about challenges they will accept and how they are going to slay whatever they must to win in the battle. Beowulf uses this when he is about to snatch Grendel, for encouragement.Monastery: A place where monks/nuns lived. Reserved for prayer.Abbot: Means father literally. Title given to the head of a Monastery.Rule of Benedict: A book written for monks living under an Abbot. Women now also use it. A guide for westernized Christianity when leading a monastic life. Contains moderate opinions  Why people gravitate towards it.Catholic Church:Popes: Head of the Catholic ChurchCardinals: A senior Christian official, a group of cardinals of the Roman Catholic church are known as the College of Cardinals.Bishops/Arch Bishops: Ordained Christian clergy.Monseñors: Receive a title from the pope giving them honor because of service they have done for the church.Priests/Monks: Priest – has the authority to perform sacred rituals. They are ordained into the position.Dante divides hell into three. First we meet Virgil’s companions in limbo. He enters limbo and goes deeper and sins get worse as he goes down. Symbolism – he says Virgil and he enter the inferno on good Friday 1300  Good Friday is the day the romans executed Jesus. Easter is the biggest holiday of the Christians holiday. That is the morning that Jesus rises from the dead. All are momentous. Deepest level sinners are punished by ice – counter intuitive. Most people associate devil and hell with fire. Thing that is counter intuitive is that most people fear fire more than ice. On the lowest level of hell there is a frozen lake. He is an angel and he has many wings. When he flaps his wings he freezes the lake. When you’re there you are as far away from gods warmth and light as possible. Clever way that Dante designs it this way. Those in the lowest form of hell are betrayers.Simoniacs: The selling of church services for money. Holes in the ground and sinners are buried upside down. He doesn’t think the Catholic Church is moral. He think he’s putting popes in hell. Dante is sticking his neck out on his principles because he thinks the Catholic Church is so corrupt.Scatology: The Study of bodily functions  Sinners walking slowly as if in a holy procession. When he takes a closer inspection. He sees the sinners heads are turned backwards on their shouldersPost and Lintel: Anglo Saxon: Vertical and horizontal (Egyptians and Greek used this). Issue with this is you need to have many rows and columns to hold it up. When you round the arch this transfers the weight to the walls Romans figured this out – Romanesque. They then realized if you went from a dome to a point you can go as high as you want. All art is didactic.Radiating ChapelsGothic:Flying Buttresses: Let you go way high with the windows.Rose windows and lancet windows. Every cathedral has three doors where you enter.Medieval Music:Religious: AcapellaSecular: InstrumentsMuhammad – Born 570 CE – Closer in history to us than Jesus/Jewish patriarchs. He was like any great religious leader – distrusted and persecuted throughout history. He had to flee from his home and do battle and eventually he returns. He had a dramatic life.5 pillarsOne God- AllahPilgrimage-HajjRamadan (Sawm)MeccaPraying 5x a dayZackah - charitySuni/Shiite: Divided- war in Iraq.Koran – word of god – Holy book and word of Allah comes to human begins through Muhammad. Gabriel appeared to him. They think that Judaism and Christianity didn’t get it