1. Draw cell signaling and transmembrane receptor molecule labela. The receptor moleculeb. Signal molecule2. A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a --- binds to a receptora. G proteinb. Cyclic AMPc. Signal molecule d. Tyrosine kinasee. calmodulin3. A signal molecule is also known as---a. Protein b. Key c. Ligand d. Initiator e. receptor4. Which of these is the second of the three stages of cell signaling?a. Gene activation b. Receptionc. Binding of a neurotransmitter to a plasma membrane receptor d. Transductione. Cell response5. Which of the following provides molecular evidence that signal transduction pathways evolved early in the history of life?a. The pathways in primitive organisms, such as bacteria, are short whereas those in advanced forms, such as mammals are long b. Cell signaling is observed in organisms that do not utilize sexual reproductionc. Receptor molecules have been identified in preparations of fossilized organisms billions of years oldd. The molecular details of cell signaling are quite similar in organisms whose last common ancestor was a billion years agoe. Simple forms of life, such as prokaryotic cells, utilize cell signaling6. When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway?a. Endocrine molecule b. Relay molecule c. Transducerd. Signal molecule e. receptor7. Examples of each type of signalinga. Long distanceb. Hormonal c. Synapticd. Short distancee. Direct contact8. The process by which a signal is converted to a specific cellular response involves what 3 stagesa. .b. .c. .d. draw the pathway of cell signaling9. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that can pass through the plasma membrane complete the flow chart describing the interaction of cortisol with intracellularreceptors.(5 steps)10.Which of these is associated with G protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, both types of receptors or neither receptora. Interact directly w g proteinsb. Binding of signaling molecule forms a dimmerc. Catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the receptor d. Binding site for signaling molecule is located on the extracellular side of the celle. Receptor is located in the plasma membranef. Binding of the signaling molecule allows ions to flow through a channelin the receptor11.The steps of histimine binding (order them)a. The receptor changes conformation and binds the G protein b. The activated G protein binds to phospholipace c activating the enzyme c. Histamine binds the receptord. The G protein becomes inactive and dissociates from the phospholipace c inactivating the enzyme12.Which is true about the binding of histamine to the histamine H1 receptor(select all)a. Histamine diffuses across the plasma membrane to bind the H1 receptor b. Histamine binds extracellularly to the H1 receptorc. When histamine binds to the H1 receptor the receptor undergoes a comformation change and binds the inactive G proteind. Histamine binds intracellularly to the inactive G protein, activating the G proteine. Once the g protein is active it binds to the enzyme phospholipace C activating itf. Histamine is likely hydrophillic13.Draw out the process of G coupled receptor14.Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?a. Estrogen b. Glucosec. Cellulosed. Glycerole. starch15.A(n)--- is an example of a signal molecule that can bind to an intracellular receptor and thereby cause a gene to be turned on or off.a. Protein b. Steroidc. Carbohydrated. Nucleic acide. ion16.What makes steroids diffuse through the membrane but not peptides?17.Thyroid hormones bind to --- receptorsa. Steroid b. Tyrosine-kinasec. Plasma membrane ion-channel d. Intracellular e. G protein linked18.What does the term ligand refer to in cell biology?a. The change in shape that occurs when a signaling molecule binds to itsreceptor b. The target cell of a signal molecule c. The bond that forms between a signaling molecule and it’s receptor d. A molecule that can occupy a receptor site while not activating the receptore. Any small molecule that can bind in a specific manner to a larger one19.Testosterone functions inside a cell bya. Acting as a signal receptor that activates tyrosine kinasesb. Binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genesc. Acting as a steroid signal receptor that activates ion channel proteins d. Coordinating a phosphorylation cascade that increases spermatogenesise. Become a second messanger that inhibits nitric oxide 20.If an animal cell suddenly lost the ability to produce GTP, What might happen to its signaling system?a. It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but it would not be able to respond to a signalb. It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G proteinon the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane c. It would employ a transduction pathway directly from an external messangerd. It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membranee. It would activate only the epinephrine system21.When protein membrane receptors are activated what usually happens?a. A change occurs on only one membrane surface- exterior or interiorb. A change occurs in intracellular ion concentrationc. The receptors open and close in response to protein signalsd. The receptors preferentially bind with lipid or glycolipid signal moleculese. The receptor changes conformation after binding with the signal polypeptides22.Draw a basic signal transduction pathwaya. Label the second messanger23.What initiates the signal transduction pathway?24.What role does a transcription factor play in a signal transduction pathway?a. By binding to a plasma membrane receptor it initiates a cascade b. It relays a signal from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane c. It activates relay proteinsd. By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific genee. It is a plasma membrane protein that binds signal molecules25.A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a --- binds to a receptora. G protein b. Tyrosine kinasec. Calmodulind. Signal molecule e. Cyclic AMP26.Which of these acts as a second messenger?a. Cyclic AMPb. Protein kinase c. G proteind. Adenylyl kinasee. G protein linked receptor27.Calcium ions that act as second messengers are stored in----a. Peroxisomesb. Chloroplasts c. Mitochondria d.